Ethnocentrism Tendency Essay

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to believe that one’s ethnic or cultural group is centrally important, and that all other groups are measured on one’s own cultural value. Ethnocentrism happens when one culture or nation places itself at the top of a self proclaimed hierarchy of cultures and nations and subsequently assigns other cultures and nations equivalent or lower value based on that scale. In other words, it is the proneness to think other cultures are of lesser worth because it is different from one’s own culture. Ethnocentrism helps to keep a culture from changing because it forces a culture to keep the same values and to be stubborn. If one culture bases other cultures off of their own hierarchy scale, then they are less likely to be open to accept changes that other cultures may have or want to bring to them because of the importance their own values and traditions. Cultural or ethnic groups develop traditions as a way to guide their population and to give guidelines in life. If one’s culture changes, then it may dismantle the entire society, causing confusion and chaos. For example, in the film, Dishonorable Killings: Punishing the Innocent, a man, who killed his own sister, explained that in his culture, family honor is extremely important because it represents the family as a whole in the community; it is more important than life. When a member, particularly a woman, dishonors the family, it shames the family and forces them to get rid the disgrace by killing her. Ethnocentrism can be both positive and negative for a cultural or ethnic group. It can be in a positive light because taking pride in beliefs and traditions elevates unity and solidarity among groups’ members, and it also strengthens the self-identity and self-esteem for individuals within those groups. It can also help societies establish and reinforce guidelines and expectations among coexisting people in all areas of the community. These expectations give societies the order and structure to hold them together, helping them run smoothly and allowing them to thrive. A negative view of ethnocentrism are the assumptions based on individuals’ own perception, that what works for them must work for others and that if it doesn’t, something is necessarily wrong, can cause harm, offense,  ill-feelings or otherwise put a damper on further relations between different societies. It could also cause oppression, prejudice, and cultural degradation, which can lead to actions ranging from conformity to violent protest.

Romanticism

Romanticism: Be Naturally Unique Ralph Wald Emerson once said, â€Å"to be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to make you something else is the greatest accomplishment. † The people from the Romanticism period in Europe during the nineteenth century would strongly agree with Emerson words. Romantics thought it was important to be different and unique. Romantics are: Sensitive, emotional, prefer color to form, the exotic to the familiar, [are] eager for†¦ Adventure†¦ F fantasy, [are] insistent on the uniqueness of the individual to the point of making a virtue eccentricity, the typical Romantic will old that he cannot be typical, for the very concept of â€Å"typical† suggests the work of the pigeonholing intellect he scorns. (Britton) Romanticism â€Å"can be defined as a reaction against eighteenth-century neoclassicism and the rationalism and physical materialism of the European Enlightenment† (Edwards). It supported opposite ideas than tho se from the Enlightenment.In Capper David Fredrick's art, Ludwig Tick's literature, Viscount Franà §ois Rene © De Sectarianism's religious proposals, and J. G. Herder's philosophical ideas, these key concepts of Romanticism are found. Capper David Fredrick's painting â€Å"Abbey Graveyard in the Snow,† depicts a Gothic view of a magical monastic church. It â€Å"rejects the limits of Enlightenment rationalism and the reality of nineteenth century urban life† (Sherman 107). The painting accurately demonstrates the sublime; it shows the importance of nature and arouses strong emotions, especially fear (Kananga et. L. 583). It is a very spooky painting that shows the contribution of surreal images during the Romantic period. Although it is somewhat accurate, many of its characteristics include unrealistic and imaginative concepts. An important Romantic idea is that one's emotions and feelings are more important than rationality and order, as was supported during the En lightenment. Nature was also a very important characteristic of Romanticism. Frederica does a great Job of including â€Å"the spirituality of nature and the glories or Christianity' (Sherman 107) in this painting.He portrays the humans as very insignificant compared to the overwhelming natural figures surrounding them. This melancholy painting clearly demonstrates many of the important aspects from the Romantic period. Like Frederica, Johann Gottfried herder showed the key concepts of Romanticism but through his philosophical essay â€Å"On the Knowing and Feelings of the Human Soul. † By â€Å"[rejecting] the mechanical explanation of nature†¦ [and] believing [that] each language and culture are the unique expression of people† (Kananga et. L. 588) it is evident that Herder is a true Romantic man. To Herder, nature and organic concepts were significant aspects. Individuality and each individual accepting their unique qualities was also something that Herder sup ported and thought was important for each person to have, Just as most Romantics do. Viscount Franà §ois Rene © De Sectarianism's book, The Genius of Christianity also demonstrates the â€Å"strong Roman Catholic revival [that] took place in France† during the Romantic period (Kananga et. Al. 587).This book taught all Catholics that â€Å"the foundation of faith in the church was the emotion that its teachings and sacraments inspired in the heart of the Christian† (Kananga et. Al. 587). Passion was very important to Catholicism in Sectarianism's perspective. In the book, Scatterbrained writes, â€Å"every thing in a Gothic church reminds you of the labyrinths of a wood†¦ And] excites a feeling of religious awe, of mystery, and of the Divinity' (Sherman 107). The Genius of Christianity shows classic characteristics from the Romantic period such as curiosity in the supernatural and the irrational, along with dramatic and gothic scenes created.As Scatterbrained s ays himself, â€Å"the more remote were these times the more magical they appeared†¦ The more they inspired ideas†¦ † (Sherman 107). Scatterbrained sees a correlation between the secluded time period and the magical and imaginative interpretations. To depict Romantic characteristics, Ludwig Thick sees his novel, William Lovely, to create a comparison between a Romantic character, Lovely, and Enlightened characters. Lovely's â€Å"life is built on love and imagination† (Kananga et. Al. 81) but the people he is compared to â€Å"live by cold reason alone† (Kananga et. Al. 581). Ludwig attacks reasonable and rational concepts by saying that imagination is better and more important. By portraying two women, who are very materialistic and reasonable, and how they destroy Lovely, Thick does a good Job of criticizing the rational world. Because Thick depicts the negative aspects of enlightened thought, he, at the same time, tries to support and overcome peopl e with natural, irrational, and imaginative Romantic ideals.Evidently, it was very important to Romantics to remain unique individuals and be proud of their own individuality. They all enjoyed nature and what it brought for people in this Romantic period. Although something might be strange, or even scary, it was admired for its natural appeal and the affect it had on one's emotions. Oliver James put the importance of individuality into the question, â€Å"why are you trying so hard to fit in, when you're born to stand out? â€Å" Romanticism The Romantic Era was a phenomenal movement in which many artistic and literary ideas emerged in the 18th century in Europe. Writers, painters, and artists put more expression and knowledge in their work and they were the reason of the emergence of later ideas that were beneficial to society. Rupee's Romanticism later influenced the world. The whole point of this era was that it displayed enthusiastic emotion, emphasis, and excitement without the fear of other's opinion.In the middle of the eighteenth century, the word â€Å"Romantic† was used as an adjective to praise natural happenings like beautiful views and nature. Romanticism was known first by landscape paintings from as early as the sass British artists. Later in the 19th-20th century, many authors were inspired by Romanticism to write novels based on past literature in that period. Many literature writers such as Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne were inspired by this time period in which it lead them to write ro mantic literature.There were different types of literatures and influences that applied to these writers. A few examples of the Romanticism literature were Romantic and English literature. Many American writers were influenced by this movement and similarly, they also establish a high level of enthusiasm and emphasis in their writing. Soon, this era became popular not only in America, but in other places as well. Also, a new genre in America was developed which was called romance and this continuously influenced other American writers. The wars during the Romantic Era also influenced writing and art.These wars, The Seven Years' War, the French Revolution, and the Napoleonic Wars influenced literature that can be seen in the writing and art. â€Å"The strong feelings that wartime produced, served as a catalyst for an outpouring of art and literature, the likes of which had never been seen before† (Greenbelt) Also, during this time period, there was an increase in female writer and readers. A group of poets named William Wordsmith, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats, Percy Abysses Shelley, and William Blake were considered o be the important figures that started the romantic movement.The poem written by Samuel and William were often believed to be the start of the Romantic Era especially the poem called Lyrical Ballads that was printed in 1798. The poet, Thomas Chesterton is considered to be the first poet in English literature. Also, Lord Bryon and Walter Scott accomplished a huge amount of fame and influence throughout Europe, which I think how North America got influenced. â€Å"Surprising as it may seem to us, living after the Romantic Movement has transformed older ideas about iterate, in the Middle Ages authority was prized more highly than originality† (Spearing).As we can see, literatures in past eras make what modern literature is today now. In my opinion, this era is important because it helped developed more emotion into literature maki ng it a more interesting thing for the readers. It also helped bring new ideas about art and literature. Also, some books that are well known in the Romantic Era are Mob Dick, Uncle Tom's Cabin, and Frankincense. In conclusion, many literary eras showed characteristics from this event and it is continually developing ideas. Romanticism Eden Gayety Romanticism Poetry English H 10 Due to the outbreak of rationalism from the Scientific Revolution, people began focusing on optimism and humanism to make the world a better place in which they called the Enlightenment. Following this, The Romantic Movement is said to have began in the sass's and is known as an international artistic and philosophical movement that focused on the thought of oneself and the world. Its span also included the American Revolution (1776) and the French Revolution (1789) and is often called the â€Å"age of revolutions† continuing to the Industrial Revolution.Romanticism transforms the theory and practice of all art and the way we perceive the world; artists of the time glorified nature, idealized the past, and celebrated the divinity of all creation (Introduction to Romanticism). John Keats was one of many Romantic poets; his work is also some of many famous and cherished pieces of art. Keats was born in 1795 and the rest of his short li fe ending in 1821 was devoted to the perfection of poetry. He used immense imagery and philosophy throughout his poems.When Keats was a child, his father offered a terrible accident and died when he was only eight years old. This event shaped Keats' understanding of human conditions such as the idea of suffering and loss. After two poorly reviewed and criticized publications, Keats decided to change and envisioned a kind of poetry blooming its beauty from human experiences (biography. Com). One of his more sensuous works was â€Å"To Autumn† and â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† which was his more different ode and individualized poem. To Autumn† explicates the season of autumn as a female goddess, her hair â€Å"soft- fifed† by the wind and â€Å"drowsed with the fume of poppies† while fruits ripen and late flowers bloom in the panicking weeks before winter begins. â€Å"Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are they? / Think not of them, thou hast t hy music too,† begins the last stanza. Keats uses these lines to tell Autumn not to wonder where the songs of spring have gone, but to listen to her own music. The poem continues with the ending of autumn as â€Å"small gnats mourn among the river sallow,† and â€Å"gathering swallows twitter in the skies.Keats uses this poem to show his ability of rhyme and vivid imagery by each stanza flowing so generously from line to line with a sense of emotion and visible scenery only few of many people can accomplish. â€Å"To Autumn† also pursues Romanticism because it accentuates the being of nature and the divinity of creation. â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† opens with the declaration of heartache, feeling numb like he had drank hemlock or a dull opiate. He addresses a nightingale he acquaintances the rest of the poem.Within the eight stanzas consisting often lines each, Keats wows the progression of the speaker who begins with a careless attitude, â€Å"With bead ed bubbles winking at the brim, / And purple-stained mouth; / That I might drink, and leave the world unseen, / And with thee fade away into the forest dim:† then continuing to explain to the nightingale his desire to fade away, saying he would like to forget the troubles the nightingale has ever known. Keats writes in the third stanza â€Å"Where youth grows pale, and specter-thin, and dies;† that he refers to his brother who past away the previous winter from tuberculosis (Prentice Hall, 723).The peaked tells the nightingale to fly away and he will follow but not through alcohol in which Keats expresses he will follow â€Å"But on the viewless wings of Poesy,† meaning through poetry. In the sixth stanza, the speaker admits to the nightingale he has often been â€Å"half in love with useful Death† and carries on to believe the idea of dying seems richer than ever, longing to â€Å"cease upon the midnight with no pain† while the nightingale â€Å"p ouring forth thy soul abroad / In such ecstasy! The speaker states forlorn like a bell to toll him back to consciousness. As the nightingale flies way from him, the speaker mourns that his imagination failed him and cannot recall whether the bird's music â€Å"Was it a vision, or a waking dream? / Fled is that music: -Do I wake or sleep? † What differs from â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† and Keats' other creations of odes are that its rhyme scheme is the same in every stanza, ABSCONDED.As well as in â€Å"To Autumn† Keats shows an immense ability to word his lines illustrating imagery and remaining loyal to his rhyme scheme. All of John Keats' works of literature are going to reflect the ideas of Romanticism because he is one of the many tests who created the philosophical ideas of Romanticism and what we define it as Romanticism was crucial to American culture because Romanticists such as Emily Dickinson and Edgar Allen Poe played a huge role in our literary histo ry.Germany was alongside Europe during their Romantic Movement with the famous Johann Wolfgang von Goethe who created the novel, The Sorrows of Young Wrester. Like all other eras in world history, it most likely becomes global and depending on where determines the type of people consisting of it and what they make of their work. Romanticism Franz Kafka, translated by Mark Herman Chicken; 328 pages; Franz Kava's name has been appropriated as our century's reigning adjective; ‘Kafkaesque† is a word for which no adequate synonym exists. From the absurd circuitry of managed care to our Deliberateness workplaces and the bizarre comic opera playing in Washington, the relevance of ‘The Castle,† Kava's Para able of bureaucracy gone mad, has never been lost on the modern reader.Until now, the accepted English version of ‘ ‘The Castle† has been the 1925 translation by Will and Edwin Mir, who believed Kava's unfinished novel was about the quest for an unavailable God, according to Mark Herman, translator of the present volume. Harm's new translation emphasizes modern and post- modern meanings; Herman believes the book is about meaning itself, about the multiple interpretations of documents and events, but his translation opens up a variety of readings. In ‘The Castle,† a man na med K. Arrives in a village where he has perhaps been summoned o work as a land surveyor.Its inhabitants seem to be expecting him and not to be expecting him, and there seems to be a Job and to be no Job. Presiding over the village is a castle, which sometimes can and cannot be reached by telephone, and from which officials, who sometimes can and cannot be spoken to, descend to the village. K. Struggles at first to make his way to the castle, but quickly sees that no roads lead there; he then tries to make a place for himself in the village, whose inhabitants alter neatly welcome, manipulate and reject him. Each scene in which he rise to locate himself is both ghastly and funny. K. s given a letter signed by someone named Claim, who may or may not have the authority to certify that he is employed, The letter seems to confirm and not confirm his employment and may have been delivered late or by accident by an unreliable messenger. The letter directs him to report too chairman, but th e chairman tells him, ‘ ‘You were, as you say, taken on as a surveyor but we don't need a surveyor †¦ The boundaries of our small holdings have been marked out, everything has been duly registered, the repertories themselves rarely change hands, and whatever small boundary disputes arise, we settle ourselves. K. Is also sent two assistants, referred to as his old assistants though they are unfamiliar to him and do nothing to assist. He is alternately offered lodgings and positions and dismissed from them by people who speak in riddles. K. Takes up with Fried, Salaam's previous mistress, but relations between them soon deteriorate into the same circuitous misunderstandings that characterize all K. ‘s dealings in the book. Every personal relationship is contaminated y the overall structure of mystery and despair.Kafka died of tuberculosis, leaving ‘The Castle† and two other novels unfinished. As Herman explains, his friend Max Brood defied Kava's ins tructions to burn his unfinished work. Kava's books were blacklisted by the Nazis as ‘ ‘harmful and undesirable writings† in the ‘ass. The present volume is translated from the 1982 German critical edition, which restores Kava's style and syntax. The Emirs eased Kava's dry, colloquial style and shaded his meanings to suggest a religious interpretation.In one long, painfully hilarious sequence about the rationale for officials interrogating people at night rather than in the daytime, the Emirs refer to those interrogated as ‘ ‘applicants,† a term that could indeed allude to petitioners before God. In the present version, however, Herman uses the word ‘parties,† suggesting legal proceedings, and indeed the scene, with clerks delivering mysterious files on carts while officials alternately scream for them and drop them, conjures up the courthouse from hell. Critics have also suggested that the book is a long meditation on anti-Semit ism, in that K. s a perpetual outsider or reasons no one can define. It is also simultaneously about class, another illogical hierarchy that K. Defers to and resists. But in our own time, it is hard to resist the book's implications for political and bureaucratic lunacy. Romanticism The emphasis of Romanticism is on the imagination and emotion and it started as reaction against the Industrial Revolution, which emphasized commercial production as well as a response to the disillusionment with the Enlightenment values of reason ND order caused by the ending of the French Revolution (1789). The Romanticism was a period in which certain ideas and attitudes arose; intellect became the dominant mode of expression. Expression was everything to the Romantics; art, music, poetry, drama, literature and philosophy (The History guide).The Romantics opted for a life of the heart and appreciated diversity in man and nature. Change – The Romantics were liberals and conservatives, revolutionaries and reactionaries. Some were preoccupied with God, others were atheistic to the core. The Romantics saw diversity and uniqueness – those traits created diversity between an and nations. The Romantics exclaimed, â€Å"Dare to be! † (The History guide). The old order politics and the economy seemed to be falling apart and raised the threat of moral disaster. There need to build and reshape new systems of discipline and order grew.The era was full of innovative ideas and new art forms. Zeitgeist – â€Å"Hedge's idea of the zeitgeist, the â€Å"spirit of the age,† the ghostly embodiment of the most important factors that are acting in human history at any given time, was frequently invoked as an idea conveying a vague sense of historical and natural inevitability to whatever the writer favored. Hedge's concept of the zeitgeist gave thinkers a carte blanches to imagine sweeping historical scenarios manifesting various historical inevitabilities and grand narratives† (rationalism. Com).The intellectual with ideas always faces problems. Questions of meaning, interpretation and an acceptance of a particular Zeitgeist, or climate of opinion or world view is serious but difficult stuff. Expression – Romantics believed in art that created strong emotions. It encouraged poetry to be freer in technique and effects (rationalism. Com), and finding inspiration in other forms of media and even using it reading their own. The idea of the genius is another thing we owe to Romanticism; it was the cornerstone of the aesthetic philosophy. Romanticism American Literature Romanticism Essay Irving and Romanticism What is Romanticism? Today, people would relate it with love and romance, however Romanticism is actually a style of literature that emphasizes imagination and emotion ins. It flourished in Europe and America throughout the 18th and 19th century and began a after the French Revolution in 1789. It was used by many authors and poets, such as Washings on Irving, Edgar Allan Poe, and William Sullen Bryant.Romanticism writers glorified nature, did legalized the past, and celebrated the divinity of creation and mystery. Washington Irving was a Romantic writer in the sass. He was the first American writ to achieve an international reputation. He was the youngest writer at this time, being published at the age of 16. Irving based most of his works on German folk tales and used satire in one of his most famous folk tales, â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker. † In, â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker,† Irving uses Romantic qualit ies such as, awareness of he past, nature, supernatural element, and mystery.He creates the setting at the be ginning of the story using nature and then uses awareness of the past to show what time the story I s taking place in. Then, he uses mystery by making the reader use their imagination as to where To m Walker's wife went and uses supernatural element with the devil. He creates the plot and the r details by using these Romanticism qualities. Irving writes about good versus evil or in this case, the Devil versus God. In this story,Tom Walker represents greed and teaches people to not be greedy. Irving makes the reader realize that people do anything they can to become rich and have money. In this case , Tom Walker sold his soul to the devil for money, but after he had what he wanted, he became me scared about what would happen to him in the afterlife. Many people throughout their lives do this as well, meaning that they do not care until it is too late. In conclusion, Irving wa s an outstanding writer and used Romanticism throughout his

Journey in the Faculty of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journey in the Faculty of Education - Essay Example From the knowledge and experience that I had gained I provided my students with study materials, answered their queries, conducted tests to ascertain their level of understanding of the subject and finally assessed the student’s performance. In addition to my principle role as an educator I also donned the role of a counselor and I strongly believe that through counseling teachers can develop reciprocal and supportive relations with students. From my experience I have learnt that in some cases teachers are expected to intervene and solve some problems connected with the student’s personal life due to its influence on the student’s academic performance. Being a counselor also implies giving the right motivation and encouragement to students. However, at times problems can arise if a student misunderstands such an encouragement from teachers and get too personal with the teacher. At such situations, I believe that it is the concerned teacher’s responsibility to make the student understand the limits of their relationship by effectively communicating their views. This would help to provide the right motivations for the students and prevent any form of deviant behavior. Such clarifications will make the educational process more effective and at the same time enjoyable for both the student and the teacher. It is common knowledge that a teacher’s roles is to be a bridge to the community. Apart from imparting academic knowledge, building character and behavior of the students, I also strongly believe that teachers need to teach community and societal responsibilities to their students. Teachers must teach their students to stick to the rules and norms of the society and community in which they live and duly perform their responsibilities. They should also provide moral and ethical underpinnings of life to their students. This would help children grow in to socially responsible individuals and prevent

5 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

5 questions - Essay Example Next to cell migration is cell differentiation that begins with gene expression, wherein previously dormant genes undergo activation, and which ends up with the cell producing a certain protein. Neuroblasts, at this point, turn into particular types of neurons. After cell differentiation is cell maturation, which happens 20 weeks after conception and continues after birth. It takes place through dendritic and axonal growth. Maturing neurons build dendrites to give surface area for synapses with other cells and to expand their axons to proper targets, which will launch synapse formation. Axonal growth relies on a particular process, which begins with the growth cone at the end of the axon. As these growth cones branch out, they create shoots or filopodia that, after they reach certain targets, other filopodia follow them. Next to cell maturation is synaptogenesis, or the creation of synaptic connections. Synapses reach 1014 or 100,000 trillion. After synaptogenesis is cell death and synaptic pruning. The brain chisels out unneeded neurons and prunes synapses. Neural Darwinism explains that the brain removes excess neurons through competition among them. Neurons die because target cells create neurotrophic factors that axon terminals absorb and which create messages that seem to tell some neurons to die in a programmed process called apoptosis. The last stage of brain development is myelogenesis or production of myelin. Myelination demonstrates cerebral maturation. Light energy travels through the pupil and into the light-sensitive surface of the eye called the retina. This activates the photoreceptor cells on the retina, which results to the creation of people’s visual worlds. The photoreceptor cells and neurons generate visual precision and enable people to see different colors, including dimness and brightness. Photoreceptors change light energy to chemical energy, which activates neural

The logic of firm and market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The logic of firm and market - Essay Example . Individuals using RFID equipped credit cards are more vulnerable to this kind of thefts as it is very easy pick for unauthorized persons to gather information about the credit cards by just using a reader which just needs to be touched to the purse or wallet. This would generate instant information about the card present inside the wallet of an individual and can be misused in multiple ways without the actual owner even getting a hint of the misuse of the object. The problem has become more compounded in nature as sensitive documents like passports and driving licenses are also being issued bearing an RFID tag which makes them vulnerable to misuse. The video clip shows that in a very short span of time numerous customers can be duped of their sensitive documents without the customer even getting the slightest hint of the events happening around him/her. It has therefore tried to draw the attention of card makers and other such organizations to ensure preventive measures so as to pr event large scale misuse of this technology. Value Proposition is defined as â€Å"the business or marketing statement which summarizes the reasons as to why a customer should purchase the products and services of a firm, the nature of the statement should be such that it would be able to persuade a customer that a particular product or service offering is better than the other alternatives of the product or service available in the market† (Investopedia, â€Å"What Does Value Proposition Mean†).

Role of the Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) Essay

Role of the Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) - Essay Example Sherwood (1997) tells us that environments are still somewhat restricted and that practice varies from state to state which causes some difficulty in efficient use of the NP where needed. The University of Texas Health Science Center defines Advanced Practice Nursing as "as a registered professional nurse who is prepared for advanced practice by virtue of knowledge and skills obtained through a post-basic or advanced education program of study acceptable to the State Board of Nurse Examiners"(Sherwood, et. al., 1997 pg3). The FNP is qualified to be the first person seen on entry to the healthcare system. This is usually client oriented and comprehensive, allowing for a continuum of care based on the collaborative practice studied and provided by the FNP. The focus of the practice is wellness and maintenance which allows the client to see the same practitioner longer before having need to be referred out to a specialist. Alternatively, Bennett defines a FNP as a healthcare professional who works directly with families and physicians to provide the best level of care. FNP's differ from physicians in that they practice in many settings. They possess advanced Masters level nursing degrees which has provided them with special training and experience to assess, treat, counsel, and monitor patients. They perform a collaborative practice in which they work with healthcare professionals as a team. They are able to order testing, refer patients and treat non-life threatening conditions (Bennett, 2004). The Texas Board of Practice on this same thought states that the APN acts independently and/or in collaboration with other health care professionals to deliver health care services (Texas Board of Practice, Section 221). They accordingly accomplish comprehensive health assessments with the goal of managing common acute illnesses, appropriate referral, managing chronic conditions that have remained stable. In t his description there are included; Nurse Practitioner, Clinical Nurse Specialist, Certified Nurse Midwives and Certified Nurse Anesthetists. The role originated in the University of Colorado in 1965. In 1974 the American Nurses Association published educational guidelines for credentialing of a NP. Since then, there have been many changes in the program and of course since there are so many types of programs available, there are concerns as to the quality and effectiveness of those programs. That curriculum includes advanced physiology, pharmacology, and clinical practice emphasizing a particular role. Texas strengthened even more of the program in the sense that they increased content for path physiology, pharmaco-therapeutics, practice roles, and preceptorship (Bennett, 2004). In most cases, registered nurses are required to obtain a Masters degree in nursing and have at least one year of RN experience before they are allowed to enter a Nurse Practitioner program, however, that is not always true. Nurse Practitioners can come from a variety of backgrounds. There are programs that admit students into graduate study without prior experience as a nurse. When that happens they must have a Baccalaureate in a field other than nursing and are required to complete an accelerated program which incorporates a Bachelors in nursing going straight into a Masters level NP program (Rich, Jorden, &

Femicide in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Femicide in India - Essay Example In the past, males were primarily responsible for hunting and then the females were supposed to cook and serve the food to the family. The setup was continuing to exist in various forms and shapes over several eras. In the modern world, females are still managing the homes while their male fellows work in different fields of life (Gupta, et al. 2003). The abovementioned scenario is very much true for the developing parts of the world because these areas have failed to incorporate human rights and values into the very fabric of the society. The outdated philosophy of man being a hunter is followed by the masses that are living in the less developed countries of the world. Additionally, it should be kept in mind that the economic pressures that were caused to prevail in developed nations due to Second World War and the Great Depression have played a significant role in the induction of female as a worker. Initially, the woman was considered ideal for subordination and followership. But , with the passage of time, females emerged as ideal leaders (Alston 2005). The scholars are of the view that being a man and woman is just a biological difference and it does not affect the ability of an individual. The propagation of gender equality has impressed the global and international companies to consider gender as a secondary issue and their main focus remains on the core competencies of the candidate. The particular candidate who has the proper experience, personality type and behaviors that are required to do the job then, the management selects him or her without giving a thought to the gender (Brown 1979). Furthermore, the economic pressures and postwar destruction seriously compromised the labor supply at that time and therefore, the males had to transfer knowledge and information to them in order to make the new breed of workers more active and effective part of the workforce. The females are getting more and more prominent in all walks of life. Their ability to be an artist, leader and an employee is matched with that of males and in some cases it exceeded the expectations and anticipations of the supervisors as well. The economic world order is changing and because of this reason, international trade activities are experiencing a boom in all parts of the world. The developed communities are becoming knowledge-based societies and the emergent economies are taking up the role of industrialized centers of the world (Taylor 2005). The trend of outsourcing is growing and the history is repeating itself once more in the Indian society where cultural and societal norms are responding to accommodate new and different economic opportunities (Mehta, et al. 2006). As mentioned earlier that India is transforming into the production center of the world and therefore, it is facing grave labor deficiency presently. The companies are empowering females in order to compensate for the labor shortage. In this way, the female is becoming increasingly powerful i n the society where she was burned with the dead body of the husband. Based on the above discussion, economic needs are far stronger and influencing than cultural norms and values. The human civilization has a tendency to change its norms and values in order to experience economic growth. The Indian nation is doing the same and the nation’

The Toys and Games Industrys Response to Globalazation Essay - 1

The Toys and Games Industrys Response to Globalazation - Essay Example The strategies used by this industry to effect globalization include a comprehensive marketing and online-selling of its products. This aspect enables the company to access many customers from diverse backgrounds of culture, race, beliefs and religion. According to Baker (2011, 82), the industry’s products and services get an international recognition and much revenue. Moreover, the management in the Toys and Games industry has learnt new management strategies through the recent access to large volumes of data. The access to volumes of data is a recent occurrence, which has greatly globalized many aspects of business (Butler, 2008, 41). For instance, the access to bid data has enabled the Toys and Games industry to gather crucial information with regard to global performance trends in various sectors and product lines. Mayer (2013, 46) asserts that new methods of product differentiation and diversification have been learnt after the acquisition of bid sets of data from a globa l platform. The big information has culminated in the restructuring of organizational structure for efficiency and effectiveness in the Toys and Games industry operations. According to Cerra (2012, 34), the big data have led to the realization of new ways of achieving global customer satisfaction, continuous improvement and total quality management within the Toys and Games industry. These principles are critical in the thriving of the industry. In the case of transportation of commodities, there is the use of sensors on trucks in order to streamline the delivery of goods through shipping. This contains the problem of stock-out cost and machine overhaul cost. The massive data have also helped the manufactures in tracking the trend of customer preference and taste (Gill, 2010, 56).

T. C. Boyles When the killings done Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

T. C. Boyles When the killings done - Essay Example Pinpoint five or six instances where environmental issues, including problems, become apparent. Perhaps the most spectacular feature of T. C. Boyle’s striking novel titled When the killing’s done is that on many accounts it escapes the stagnation that one might connect with a novel of its genre – the narrative is not only regarding animal rights as it may appear at first but in his story, Boyle showcases the dynamism and complexity that is associated with environmental activism, morality, ethics and the family life which shapes the actions and intentions of a human being. The purpose of this essay is to highlight the background for Boyle’s story by bringing to light the underlying environmental issues in the novel, in doing so the paper draws attention to five instances that are present in the book where problems and issues related to the environment become evident. In conclusion the essay examines the impact of Boyle’s novel in creating awareness r egarding aspects related to environmental activism such as biodiversity management, the issue of non-native species in habitats and the redesigning of ecosystems. At the crux of the narrative that is presented in When the killing’s done lies the conflict between Alma Boyd Takesue and Dave Lajoy. While, Alma seeks the absolute eradication of invasive species such as black rats and feral pigs on the islands of Santa Cruz and Anacapa, for Lajoy the killing of an animal regardless of its categorization as an invasive species is a grave violation of morality and â€Å"†¦that’s what he has to remember: save the animals† (Boyle p75). The varying perceptions and motivations of the two characters in advancing their environmental agendas is not only reflective of a conflict or problem that seeks resolution within the novel itself but also gives insight into the dilemmas associated with environmental activism in the real world. The fundamental question here is that wh en the benefits of environmental activism and protecting the flora and fauna are agreed upon on a widespread scale, why is it that human beings cannot collaborate in harmony to achieve a common objective? Due to its focus and analysis of the subjectivity associated with morals and ethics in environmental activism on a macro level, Boyle’s novel intends to spread a message that comprehends the need to strike a balance between values, morals and ethics for the overall good of humanity. Another aspect that is prominent in the novel has been crafted by Boyle in the background stories of the characters, in fact, it would be correct to state that Alma owes her existence to the island – the island saved Alma’s grandmother from possible death which could have been the consequence of a shipwreck that occurred in 1946. Furthermore, Lajoy’s girlfriend Anise Reed also shares a special relationship with the islands due to her mother’s employment at a ranch loca ted on the island. The implications of these relationships that have been woven within the narrative by Boyle necessarily enhance the dramatic element of the novel to portray the characters and their situations in a manner that is believable. Alma’s determination to promote her cause and garner the attention of the press on the issue of environmental concern also stems from personal reasons, which enhances the ambiguity of the criterion for right and wrong, thereby, enhancing the subjectivity that is associated with an individual’s motivation for environmental activism and selecting the best possible method of conservation. In essence, When the killing’s done documents decades of changes in habitats, ecosystems and the environment that have been brought about by the

Critique of the play OEDIPUS REX Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critique of the play OEDIPUS REX - Essay Example It is the prophecy on which, the story is based. It is linked to the topic of the paper, as it is the main prophecy. According to the prophecy told to Laius, the child who was born in Laius’s home was to kill his father at maturity and will regard this act as an accomplishment. Jocasta treated this prophecy as a lie told by the soothsayer as according to her knowledge, robbers killed her husband. This is again the prophecy that Oedipus listened before but Jocasta is not aware of the truth. This relates to the topic, as it is again a prophecy told a long time ago and matches Teiresias’s prophecy. Oedipus informs Jocasta about his wretchedness as according to a prophecy, it was in his fortune to be banished from his native land and stay away from his parents. He has to leave his beloved ones only because of a prophecy that told him that he would kill his father and marry his mother. This quotation is linked to the topic because it is again a prophecy due to which, Oedipus has to travel to another land by leaving his parents who have fostered him. It is this fear due to which, the prophecy comes out to be true. Oedipus laments on listening to the truth and speaks about his worsened state. He says that everything told to him is true and he is a cursed creature because his birth, his kingdom and his wedding, all were for his ill fate. He took birth with bad luck, killed his father and was involved in an incestuous relationship with his mother due to which, he thought that he is cursed trice. This quote is important for the story as it proves the prophecy to be true. This is related to the topic, as the prophecy mentioned earlier is proved true

Statement of Goals- Early Childhood Education Essay Example for Free

Statement of Goals- Early Childhood Education Essay My main reason for applying for Early Childhood Education is because I love children. I love working with them. I come from a bigger family. I am the oldest out of five children. I would take care of them all from time to time when ever my parents would go out for a night. Sometimes my parents would leave overnight to go on a little vacation by themselves and I would watch my siblings overnight. I also use to babysit for other people around our community as I was growing up. As I got older and started to think about college, I knew that I wanted to attend a great school that would have a program for Education. After I graduated from high school May of 2010, I took some time to think about the career path that I wanted to follow. A couple months after I graduated from high school, I applied for a job at the Early Explorers Head Start in Anamoose, ND. I did not get the job that I applied for but that was okay because the next day I got a call from the School District offering me another job. They offered me the job of the assistant substitute teacher in the Early Explorers classroom. I accepted the job offer and started working in September of 2010. I loved the job so much. There was also something special in the job for me, my baby brother was also in that class. My experiences have been very rewarding so far and have inspired me to want to continue along this path and seek further knowledge in the field. It truly does mean so much to me knowing that I have helped those children learn so many new things in life that will help them with their social and cognitive development. I loved being able to walk into the classroom and see all of those children run up to me with smiling faces saying that they miss me, asking me if I will be staying the whole day or asking me if I could play or read with them. They make me laugh, they give me hugs, they cheer for my presence and they are so observant. The most amazing feeling of all though is when the children tell me they want to be just like me when they grow up and teach just like me and are able to go in front of the class and teach others what I have just taught them. I have now discovered what I am truly passionate about and am pursuing this passion by continuing my education so that I am able to fulfill my goal of being the best that I could possibly be. This is what has driven me to want to go to Concordia University and continue my education. My long term and professional goals would have to be to finish with my schooling and be the best that I can be. I want to stand in that classroom with pride and joy  knowing that I deserve to be standing there.

Teaching Strategy in the Classroom Essay Example for Free

Teaching Strategy in the Classroom Essay In a classroom, the teacher is the leader. As such, they must take into account which teaching methods would be best to develop their students learning abilities. During my observations at New Hyde Park Memorial High School, I was able to witness a wide array of teaching strategies. For this paper, I will choose specific methods, and discuss how certain teachers used them effectively within the classroom. First, I will discuss how the modeling process was used to enhance student’s abilities to learn. Modeling is a process of teaching through demonstration. Second, I will discuss how mapping, a learning strategy that helps students understand relationships between ideas, was effectively applied in the classroom. I will then discuss how reinforcement, the use of stimulus’s to increase frequency of a specific behavior, was used as a motivational factor. Lastly, I will discuss how gender and culture were or were not addressed in select classrooms. What I intend to show is how each of these strategies can be used to help create a positive classroom environment that promotes learning as a tool and goal. Modeling can be used very effectively if all four parts are consciously applied. The first part, attention, involves a teacher keeping his student’s focus, allowing them to absorb more information. The next component, retention, requires that a teacher utilize methods such as visual or verbal aids to help their students remember a lesson. The third part of modeling is reproduction, which occurs when a student practices what they’ve been taught. Practice allows for a better chance of translating information to long-term memory. The last step in the process of modeling is motivation, which is a teacher’s ability to give their students desire to work harder. All four of these steps, when used effectively, significantly increase student’s abilities to learn and retain information. In each classroom I observed, some components of modeling were applied. However, in three classrooms I was able to see all four steps of the process effectively applied. One example is Mr. John Ferrara’s Public speaking class, which consisted of multiple grades. In his lessons on creating â€Å"How To† posters, he kept attention through verbal directions and jokes. He drew diagrams and made his own poster to help retention. Reproduction was automatically included because the â€Å"How to† posters were the homework assignments. As for motivation, he offered plenty of reinforcement and positively critiqued each of his students in helping them learn what didn’t work and what to continue doing. (Observe class notes 1, 2, 3) Similarly, Ms. Katy Devine, for her twelfth grade advanced English class used modeling in lessons on poetry. She called on multiple students in the class to read the poems to keep attention. To help students retain and reproduce the lesson, she encouraged them to write their own poetry, assigning homework that kept them working with the central ideas of the lesson. She continually motivated her students by praising them for answering, whether correctly or not, and by telling them where this knowledge would get them in the future. Ms. Devine, like Mr. Ferrara, utilized each step of the modeling process effectively in her classroom. (Observe class notes 4, 5) The last classroom in which I observed modeling successfully practiced was in Mr. Laurence Mechanic’s tenth grade English class. In teaching a lesson on essays, he kept attention by consistently calling on various students. He drew diagrams on the board to help explain the â€Å"sandwich† form to an essay. He assigned homework which involved writing a thesis statement. These procedures promoted retention and reproduction. As for motivation, he told his students how rapidly they were improving, encouraging them that they would master the Regents Exams if they kept up their hard work. (Observe class note 6) I will now discuss how I observed mapping at work in the classroom. A concept map is a visual aid and graphic organizer that shows connections between separate ideas. Mapping allows students to organize thoughts and concepts in new ways. Additionally, graphic organizers have been proven to improve learning outcomes in many students. There are many different kinds of graphic organizers that can be used. For the purpose of this paper I will discuss the Venn diagram I observed in Mr. Mechanic’s classroom, and network trees that I observed in Mr. Scott Colvin and Ms. Abbe Katz’s classrooms. A Venn Diagram consist of two large circles with separate topics and an intersecting middle area where the relations between ideas are written. In Mr. Mechanic’s tenth grade English class the circles focused on literary elements contained in two poems. In the middle section, Mr. Mechanic had the students discuss the literary elements that were found in both of these works. The use of this Venn diagram helped the students better understand each individual section, as well as recognize the way certain elements can be used in multiple ways. (Observe class notes 6, 8) Both Mr. Colvin, in his eleventh grade English class, and Ms. Katz, in her ninth grade advanced English class, utilized network trees. In Mr. Colvin’s class, it was used to help examine characteristics of leadership. The tree was organized with a block in the middle, marked â€Å"Leadership,† and four spawned off circles that focused on individual aspects of leadership. Mr. Colvin then had the students answer follow up questions which further allowed them to identify the connections between their idea of a leader and those in the story they were reading in class. (Observe class note 7, Handout 1) Ms. Katz organized her network tree around William Shakespeare’s play, â€Å"Romeo and Juliet. † She assigned the first few scenes as homework, and then showed the first scene of the Baz Luhrmann 1997 movie version in class. She discussed the way the Capulets and Montagues were portrayed in the book and movie. Her students broke into two groups, one concentrating on the specifics of the play and the other on the movie. She led a discussion, putting the network tree on the board at the close of class time. As a result, the student’s better understood the use of family in Shakespeare’s work and were able to recognize differences and similarities between the portrayal of family in the written play and the movie. (Observe class note 9) As aforementioned, motivation is a crucial part of the modeling process. But even individually it is crucial to effective teaching and learning. Reinforcement is one major way to increase motivation. There are two kinds of reinforcement: positive, which occurs when a pleasant stimulus is presented, and negative, which occurs when an undesired stimulus is removed. The presentation and removal of these stimuli at proper times should lead to an increase in frequency of the desired behavior. I will further discuss the use of reinforcement in Mr. Ferrara and Mr. Mechanics classroom, and then discuss how I observed it in Mrs. Anna Carusos classroom as well. For the discussion of Mr. Ferraras public speaking class and Mr. Mechanics tenth grade English class, I will simply elaborate on the way they effectively used the last step of the modeling process. When Mr. Ferraras class had to finally give their How to presentations and Mr. Mechanics class had their thesis statements checked over, continuing motivation became crucial. Both of these teachers used praise and reinforcement excessively after their students presented their work. Mr. Ferrara took class time and cited out at least one positive aspect from each presentation. He told the students how they had cut down on the ums, uhs, likes, focused more on keeping their eyes on the class, and credited each student with doing a superb job. (Observe class notes 1, 2, 3) Similarly, Mr. Mechanic praised almost every students thesis statements. He reminded them how important a skillful opening paragraph is when writing an essay, explaining that a great thesis statement sets up an entire essay. He continued to boost the students confidence in their work, and closed the discussion by reminding each student how well they will do on the Regents by keeping up their hard work. (Observe class note 10) Mrs. Caruso, in her ninth grade English class, used reinforcement consistently to promote class participation. First, she introduced a reward system to the class by creating enlarged photocopied bills with her face in the center that could be used as extra credit on exams. She would positively reinforce participating students during her lectures by giving them a bill for paying attention and contributing to the class discussion. She also used negative reinforcement on one occasion that I observed in her classroom. At one point, when a student asked a question, the answer was on a recent hand out. A few of the students laughed at the stupidity of the question, with one even calling the student a derogatory name. Mrs. Caruso punished the misbehaving students; threatening to call their house next time they disrespected another student. This encouraged the original student to continue asking questions, showing him the disrespectful result would not recur. Like each aforementioned situation, this instance shows how reinforcement was used effectively in the classroom. In doing so, these teachers created a comfortable environment in which their students not only completed the required assignments, but were praised and rewarded for doing so. In each case, the students looked forward to earning more reinforcement by continuing to work hard. (Observe class notes 11, 12) When it comes to culture and diversity, each classroom at New Hyde Park Memorial High School appeared to divide up evenly. By and large, just over half the classroom was Caucasian, with just under half the total being Indian. To fill out the remaining percentage, there were a few Asian, Spanish or Black students. However, the bulk of the room was either Caucasian or Indian. Gender wise, the classes were divided evenly as well. There was usually a 50/50 split between male and female, with very few exceptions. One of these exceptions was in Ms. Devines twelfth grade advanced English class, in which there were only six males out of twenty-one students. However, half female, half male classes were most common. Culture and gender are two important issues to consider when running a classroom. Different backgrounds raise children in different ways, requiring that a certain focus or method may need to be adopted in a classroom. It is also understood that males and females have a tendency to succeed in separate fields of study. Lastly, it is very important, esteem wise, to understand the culture and gender of a student, because self-esteem also varies between sexes and races. However, for each of these classrooms, there was very little emphasis on either race or gender. Most teachers treated their class as though each student was the same sex and race. In some of these classes, this was an effective way to run the class, while in others there should have more focus on the specific situation of certain students. I will once again discuss Mr. Ferraras and Mr. Mechanics classes, as well as Ms. Devines eleventh grade English class for the first time in making my points for these topics. In Mr. Ferraras Public speaking class, there was a cultural breakdown of two-third Caucasian, one-third Indian, one African American and one Chinese student. The genders were evenly split. While the majority of the time there was no specific focus on either gender or culture, there was one occasion that I did observe when a student’s culture was emphasized. On this occasion, the lone African American student was giving her â€Å"How to† speech. In doing so, she used Ebonics. Upon completion of her presentation, Mr. Ferrara joked back to her using Ebonics. This could be a bad idea depending on the relationship between student and teacher. However, due to the environment Mr. Ferrara sustains in his classroom, one of respect and humor, this only invoked laughter from the class as well as the individual. In fact, the student felt more comfortable with the rest of the class afterwards. On this occasion, Mr. Ferrara made it a point to focus on a certain culture, and it worked very well due to the prior establishment of relationship and understanding in his class. Mr. Mechanics tenth grade English class broke down culture wise to about half Caucasian and half Indian, with three Spanish students. Gender wise, the breakdown was 50/50. In one of his classes, Mr. Mechanic attempted to explain and utilize the Socratic method of teaching, in which the class sits in a circle and discussion is openly led by whichever student decides to enter in. Mr. Mechanic called on students of different races and genders to begin the discussion, encouraging all the other students to chime in throughout. In setting up this type of class, he erases gender and culture differences, giving each student equal opportunity to participate in the classroom discussion. As a teacher, consciously disregarding culture and gender as learning components can make it difficult to still effectively run a classroom. However, this is one of the most successful ways to do so and still create and sustain a positive and efficient classroom environment. (Observe class note 13) In Ms. Devines eleventh grade English class, there was a cultural breakdown of half Caucasian students and half Indian students. Gender wise there was again a 50/50 breakdown. In this class, there was no specific focus on gender or culture. However, in this class Ms. Devine should have made more of a conscious effort to include the separate cultures in her class activities. For the reading of Macbeth, she chose certain students to act out each part. However, in doing so, she consistently chose the outgoing Caucasian students; male for male parts, female for female. I feel that this did not place the Indian or soft-spoken Caucasian students on the same plane as those chosen. There should never be a situation in which students of any culture or gender feel barred from classroom activities, but unfortunately in this class this became the case. Unlike the above teachers, Ms. Devine did not do a good job of making the students in her class equal participants, affecting the way certain students learned in her class. (Observe class note 14) In our Education class at Queens College, there were many different instructional activities that we participated in. There are three specific methods that we undertook in class that I observed in the classroom as effective teaching strategies. One of these activities was a Microsoft PowerPoint discussion on Moral Development. The use of PowerPoint allowed the lesson to be put on a larger screen for observation by the full class, helping both note taking ability and overall comprehension. The second activity we used in our class that was very effective was group work. This was at work in many of the classrooms I observed as well, and is successful because it allows diverse thoughts and ideas to come together. Lastly, the ungraded homework assignments were an effective classroom activity. They led to further understanding of the assigned topic and fed the class discussions pertaining to these topics. I saw the first two discussed activities at work in my observations. Computers with Powerpoint capabilities were actually one of the recent additions to every classroom at New Hyde Park Memorial. Ms. Katz, in her ninth grade advanced English class, used PowerPoint lectures for her Romeo and Juliet discussion, and students in Mr. Ferraras public speaking class utilized this feature for their How to presentations. Similarly, group work was involved in a majority of the classes I observed. Mr. Mechanic, Mr. Ferrara, Ms. Katz and Ms. Devine all used group work in the teaching of their lesson, just to name a few. The ungraded homework assignments were not included in any of the classes I observed. However, if applied in the class, ungraded homework would allow students that wish to expand and increase their knowledge to do so, while those who desire only to understand what is being taught in class can spend more time focusing on the work due for other classes. In conclusion, there are many ways to run a successful classroom. In my observations, I was able to see multiple teaching strategies and how they either worked or failed. The ones I decided to focus on for the purposes of this paper are the strategies that I found to be successful most often. I learned that modeling is a very effective teaching process, when each component is taking into account. I learned that mapping is a very effective tool that helps connect ideas and create relationships between previous unrelated ideas. I learned how gender and culture could be either taken into account, or consciously ignored in a classroom, but that one must be careful in choosing to do either. In the classrooms of Mr. John Ferrara, Ms. Katie Devine, Mr. Laurence Mechanic, Ms. Abbe Katz, Mrs. Anna Caruso and Mr. Scott Colvin, there were successful methods at work and very positive environments created as a result. While each teacher had their own unique methods to utilizing a strategy and teaching a lesson, they all did a superb job of making learning an enjoyable, universal, and crucial part of their classroom.

How Does Corruption Effect International Development Politics Essay

How Does Corruption Effect International Development Politics Essay Corruption is omnipresent in society and is taking total control over the minds of citizens at an alarming rate. Even though actions are being taken worldwide, corruption is still a main issue of concern for world leaders and prestigious organizations like the United Nations and the Southern African Development Community. With reference to several surveys carried out by great economists, psychologists and watchdog bodies around the world, we have carried out this project to investigate how far corruption affects development and creates inequality in Mauritian society. However due to time and word constraints, we have preferred to focus on the Mauritian society. [Introduction] Corruption may be simply defined as The abuse of public or private office for personal gain (Prevention of Corruption Act 2002) or The abuse of authority for personal gain (Independent Commission Against Corruption, Hong Kong) Bribery, favoritism, helotism, extortion and embezzlement and use of influence are examples of acts of corruption. Corruption is omnipresent in the society. However, many people do not realize that corruption is having a great and deep impact on our Mauritian society. The gap between the rich and the poor is growing wider and wider with corruption and this is also hindering our economic progress. Corruption may thus be compared to a cancer which needs to be controlled at all cost before it spreads dangerously and threaten the very fabric of our democratic nation. As the saying goes, An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure, both public and private sectors in Mauritius or even worldwide should work together in the battle against corruption- a fight against corrupt individuals, practices and systems. This strategy will help to enhance good governance and transparency in the economical mechanisms throughout the world. Risks of bribery and extortion between the private and public sectors as well as private companies should be minimized. Each organization should establish its own anti-corruption policies and strategies; corruption-prevention checkups should be reinforced and systems improved. The help of foreign fraud specialists and consultants should definitely be solicited if positive results want to be seen. The Mauritian ICAC adopts a three-pronged strategy to fight corruption, namely, through law enforcement, education and prevention. Its vision: Mauritius-our home, clean and fair. ICAC needs support and cooperation and commitment of the national population to succeed in its fight against corruption. The ICAC acts independently, impartially, fairly and in the sole interest of the public. Such organizations are one major step in the cleansing process of the society; in eradicating corruption. Corruption prevention programs can help increase confidence in such organizations. They enhance integrity in the organization financial reporting and promote the development of an ethical culture while ensuring transparency and good governance. However, risks of corruption can rarely be completely eliminated. The boards of organizations, and not sole individual, must constantly be alert about these types of risks. Only then shall acts of corruption diminish and society progress. Chapter 1 [why corruption?] Ivan Pavlov, the Nobel Prize winner in Psychology or Medicine in1904, described the operant condition as the food of all corrupt acts. Pavlov suggested in 1904 that the corrupt man acts similarly to a trained dog. He answers to stimuli which trigger his memory. As such the memory is related to corruption. Actually, the need of prevailing over someone and gain power over him is what triggers corruption. A person compares himself with one of his fellow friend. The desire of seeing this friend unsuccessful triggers reinforcement for corruption- jealousy. Human psychology explains that since jealousy means not willing to abide by the success of someone, it forces the person to apply force so as to triumph over him. Such mediocre thoughts are the image of a mediocre mindset. Memories which trigger such acts are accumulated through a persons life- from childhood till death. The stimuli-response behaviour is so subconscious that we are not able to recognize it and take actions against it. Therefore, if the person gains profit when he abuses human relationships, his brain captures the situation and causes the person to act repetitively in this way. Thus corruption and lust for power makes a persons life immoral. When such a stage is reached, the person cannot go backwards. He finds pleasure in taking advantage of other persons to gain profit. He cannot do otherwise since he will fail and will eventually need to abide by corruption. Last time, when I took advantage of that gullible guy, I won that prize. So now I guess that I will win again. Why should he succeed? I cannot allow this. I shall do something!These are what might be passing through the mind of a person just before he commits an act of corruption: If I do that, I will be the one gaining profit from it. I shall do it. Then, only will people recognize me. I must attain that height, no matter what! I must do it! Let me bully that guy so that he does the dirty work for me. However, some people do not corrupt deliberately but instead they are forced to do so. Corruption consumes the person bit by bit until it becomes his way of living. This is a major psychological phenomenon prevailing in many countries. Corruption is triggered by many factors which cause the human mind to become feeble and rely on corrupt measures to earn a living. Such factors are listed below: Low wages Hope is all what a low-waged employee can have. However, as time passes, lust and impatience take over his mind. This is the beginning of corruption which eventually leads to the death of the society. Low wages pressurizes the person to obtain more money. Between his social status and familial pressures, he opts for corruption to seek for a better future. Since most of the employees in Mauritius earn a modest living, they will normally be tempted to easy-money. This scourge is spreading worldwide and the real root of this problem is none other than the merged action of a lack of meritocracy and an unprecedented rise in the standard of living. Weak sense of civilization So much is being said nowadays and so little is being done. After so much years of moral and social enlightenment, it is a matter of shame that the corrupt can still act blind in front of the suffering that he is both directly and indirectly inflicting to others. It is shocking to find that even highly educated persons and high dignitaries are implicated in fraud cases. Such a case to be noted is The Watergate Scandal in 1974. The President, Richard Nixon, governing over America then was arrested after having been proven guilty of stealing, abusing indulging in campaigns frauds, political espionage and sabotage, fund laundering, massive wire tapping and the list goes on. Such a high dignitary and he stooped so low. This shows the hypnotic power lust and materialism can have on the human brain. In President Nixons case, he did not even ponder on the feeling of betrayal the millions of Americans felt on the day they found out this scandalous truth. Indeed, corruption kills our inner self and makes us as death as a corpse. Culture In African countries, it has become a tradition that after rendering a service, the person should be rewarded in terms of gratuity or tip. This tradition is so intensely practiced in some countries that the glimpse of abolishing it might create a huge cultural rift. In Africa, the reward is usually to gift the chief special honours, and in this way, politicians accepting such honour and rewards are considered acceptable. As such some politician might take advantage of this tradition and render its value nil. They would ask for gifts and rewards for jobs. This type of corruption makes the society sick and even worse is when the whole society indulges in corruption, thereby leaving not a ray of hope for a reestablishment of law and order. Absence of institutional mechanisms In a country where there are no institutions, either internal or external, to investigate into complaints related to corruption, the tendency of people practicing corrupt acts is relatively high. This is so since the chance of getting caught is minute. The absence of watchdog institutions also minimizes the consequences if the offender is caught. Wisely, such institutions should be built. It will increase the countrys economic growth since less fraudulous trades will be done. As such the country will regain a better image in terms of financial security. This will furthermore increase the Foreign Direct Investments of the country which will be the start of an unprecedented rise in wealth and status for the country. Absence of rules and regulations and lack of transparency Rules and regulations should remain omnipresent in an organization so that the employees can behave and conduct themselves in an appropriate and acceptable way. Such limitations allow everyone to be treated and judged fairly and equally. The effectiveness of these rules depends on the way of communicating them to individuals so that they are implemented and followed. The presence of a clear policy and legislation, and a wide range of enforced rules and regulations and policies might help to decrease the level of corruption in an organization or even a country. On the other hand, the absence of transparency increases the risks of corrupt acts. Transparency, as such, means tasks and functions been conducted and are open for examination by the Government officers or the general public. Also, the media must have the right of freedom of speech so that the media can inform citizens about any act of corruption been reported to it. Corruption is deterred by a transparent system as civil servants remain constantly vigilant. Therefore, strict rules create the fear of been defame by the media if the act is reported. This can drastically decrease the rate of corruption in a country because every person cherishes most his status. Discretion and absence of accountability In every system, there should be a person or an authority to take decisions. Such a person or authority has the freedom to act within certain limits. Corruption can occur where public officials: Have immense authority, Are not accountable to anyone, and Have lust instead of the grey matter. An environment with more discretion and without accountability is more prone to be submerged by corruption. Public leaders and civil servants should be accountable to the general public in a democratic country. This means that they should be able to answer to people for the action taken if a question is raised on the topic in question. Lack of effective laws can cause corruption to flourish as people will be carefree and act as they want. Therefore accountability is definitely one of paths toward neutralizing corruption. Chapter 2 [trend of corruption in mauritius] Several studies have been carried out during the last decade about the opinions of Mauritians on the perception of corruption. The Research Institute Analysis carried a survey in 1998 by interviewing 500 people. The results obtained have been classified into 3 main categories: The Tolerance of Mauritian Towards the Perception of Corruption It has been concluded that Mauritians normally tolerate, or more specifically, favour corruption whenever they can benefit from it. Paradoxically, they are the first one to condemn acts of corruption. Thus, within 37% of managers interviewed within the private sector. Corruption is commonly accepted in businesses since it plays a vital role in ensuring the success of the enterprise and thus output a favourable profit. On the whole, 85% of the interviewed people agreed that they do not tolerate corruption while the remaining 15%confess that indeed corruption does affect their activities directly. In 2004, 58% of people questioned said they would report any case of corruption they witnessed. However 30% thought that in doing so they might create problems for themselves. The remaining 22% feared possible acts of vengeance. The Most Corrupted Sectors in Mauritius From the surveys carried out, The police sector and the National Transport Authority (NTA) have been considered as most corrupted in terms of awarding contracts to private enterprises. The politicians are the most cited among the most corrupted persons of the country. The general opinion of the public about the private sector is also pessimistic. According to a survey carried out by the ICAC in 2004, 28% of people questioned think that the private sector runs in a corrupt environment, while 54% think that the private sector operates in a clean atmosphere. The Effectiveness of Legal Measures In 2004, an interview revealed that: 29.5% of people queried believed that laws against corruption are efficient, 26% thought the opposite, 20% considered that laws are efficient but are unfortunately not applied effectively, 32.8% assumed that the power of the court as an institute is limited and insignificant towards high dignitaries (the part of the general public did not receive University Education). On an international ground, The Transparency International Corruption Perception Index has rewarded Mauritius as follows: Chapter 3 [corruption and development] Corruption has always existed. During recent decades, however, corruption has grown both in terms of intensity and geographic extent. Since the 1970s, it has infiltrated every country in the world. After the end of the Cold War, it was expected that political and economical restrictions would somehow reduce this trend. People hoped that the process of democratization and openness, resulting from political pluralism and freedom of the press, should mobilize efforts to overcome corruption. Unfortunately, emergent democracies are still delicate and seem to find the duty of tackling with corruption very difficult. Nowadays, it is seen that weakened state structures, such as inappropriate legislations, powerlessness on the part of the judicial system to fight against corruption, and pursuit of easy money, altogether contribute to aggravating the situation. Such a state of affairs surely has an effect on those who are involved and concerned by development issues. As such corruption is one of the major obstacles in a countrys progress and its effects on development are disastrous. On analyzing the effects that corruption has on development, we found out that corruption adversely affects development in the following ways: Corruption increases the costs of goods and services. Although there is 5% reduction in the profit margin, corruption levels of 10% to 20%, which is the price and will consequently, be paid for through the national or foreign resources of the country. Thus, it is the national economy that suffers the consequences of an unreasonable surcharge on the goods or services bought. Since such operations are normally financed by bank loans or by foreign parties, through concessional loans, corruption indirectly increases the country debts. Corruption affects the quality of services supplied to the public. The corrupt person is tempted to accept a substandard quality of service which increases his personal profit margin. Then, the complicity between the Government and the contractors may result in corner-cutting with regard to agreed quality standards so that the savings made may be shared out between the two parties. Corruption affects the conception of a project. In this section, we are referring to situations in which the real development priorities of a country are neglected in favour of operations which generate the greatest personal gain for the decision-makers. Corruption causes the Government to spend more on the construction of unwanted projects or on lower order investments in infrastructure rather than on social areas. In most corrupted countries, corrupt politicians tend to choose projects irrespective of their intrinsic economic factor but rather on the bribes and kickbacks that these projects offer which results in poor infrastructures leading to economic imbalance. Rise in the public burden. Due to corruption, many countries that borrow money to finance projects and are not able to satisfy their real needs will see their debt burden increase. The loss will be 100% if one views it in terms of the cost of the unproductive investment t the national economy. From the many researches we have carried out and investigated on, we have found out that political corruption is the main object of concern as far as development is affected. It is a fact that politicians are the one who control the whole development mechanism. This phenomenon is not present in every state but the moment its presence is confirmed, that state starts degrading. Political corruption takes place when decisions are made on the budget. This is the root of political corruption which accounts for a massive load of corruption across the world. As such, high rates of corruption divert resources away from their real functions and it also reduces the Government revenue. This decrease in income further decreases the resources available for public investment: development is eventually affected. High corruption rate is also associated with poor infrastructure; bodies are not working at full efficiency thus decreasing output. So, when corrupt politicians influence the approval of an investment project, the rate of return, as calculated by the cost-benefit analysis, is no more the criterion for project selection. A compilation of corrupt decision as such often fails to generate the wanted economic growth. Further on, negligible economic growth halts any type of social and infrastructural development. Corruption leads to tax evasion and poor administration. In many cases, tax collection is much less than estimated financial commitments: Pensions, Interest payments, Public debts, Salaries, and Subsidies. This was one of the major problems that Mauritius faced in the past years due to uneven governance from the various politicians in power. However, gradually politicians have become aware of the danger they are going to face in the near future. As remedial measures, they have taken long term effect measures to prevent any further misbalances to the economy. The positive results of these crucial but necessary measures can be perceived and yet many more are to come. Chapter 4 [corruption and inequality] Corruption and inequality are directly linked. There are two ways in which they are correlated: The change of economic inequality due to corruption, and Economic inequality as a factor of corruption. In other words, an increase in corruption due to economic inequality can produce additional drawbacks. Judicial corruption has also a very big hand in bringing economic inequality. The first example that can be taken is in terms of the tax system. Nowadays, due to corruption, we have a biased tax system where wealthy are favoured and become richer and the poor are marginalized and remain poor. The result of this favouritism leads to a defective tax administration causing an unprecedented increase in social inequality as the gap between the poor and the rich is maintained. Adding to this situation is the poor effective targeting of social programs which, due to corruption, are having a serious problem. Funds that are supposed to help in alleviating poverty are being shifted from trust funds to reach powerful individuals. This is really going to increase inequality in society as the poor people will not be able to enjoy their merits while on the other hand the rich people will continuously play with money. Poor people are the only victim of acts of corruption. Hence an increase in the rate of the perception of corruption will cause an increase in poverty, causing the regression of a country and ultimately the downfall of the world. It is true that when you invest in corruption, there is always the uncertainty that you will get what you actually wanted. The rules constantly change. Thus if a poor person invests in a corrupt plan, then the powerful and wealthy individuals might easily turn the tables and take all the profit. Therefore, inequality will always prevail amongst individuals as long as the barrier between the poor and the rich is not breached. Social trust also plays a fundamental role between equality and corruption. If politicians of one country will keep on trusting the population and vice-versa, then corruption will be totally eradicated. Rich and poor people will never be tagged. Thus, everyone will earn equal amount of money and eating the same quality and amount of food. However, it is all due to mans vile mind that social trust is gradually disappearing from the society. People tend to snatch others possessions and in trying to be like others, they simply crush the desires of others. This disease is due to social inequality and the materialistic barrier between the poor and the rich. Chapter 5 [government measures] Corruption has become one of the most serious problems in Mauritius. In order to fight this scourge, the leading Governments, over time, have taken several corrective measures: Strict Judiciary System Obligations Watchdog Body Strict Judiciary System With enforced laws and regulations, people caught practicing corrupt acts are dealt with more severely. Through time, much legislation has failed in their task of rendering justice and controlling the rate of corruption. In a more optimistic point of view, several legislations have been modified in order to adopt a more realistic and righteous approach to criminal acts- corruption. They have permitted through the years to bring development in the society and to help people stay within their limits. Watchdog Bodies The Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) was established on the 1st April 2002 as the Prevention of Corruption Act (PoCA) 2002 was put into effect by official proclamations. The principal aim of the ICAC is to plan and implement the national strategy against corruption in the Republic of Mauritius. Its mission statement is: With the community, the ICAC is committed to fight corruption through effective law enforcement, education and prevention to help keep Mauritius fair, just, stable and prosperous. The ICAC is an independent body and acts impartially. The ICAC investigates all allegations of corruption that are reported in respect of both the public and private sectors and then takes appropriate remedial measures. For instance, the ICAC and the MQI launched the second edition of the Best Anti-Corruption Framework 2008 at the Rajiv Gandhi Science centre on Wednesday 7th May 2008. Its aim was to identify loopholes and weaknesses in enterprises that may give opportunities for corruption and initiate actions for fraud detection and prevention. In addition, the ICAC plays an important role in education whereby its goals are: Make educators more concerned about imparting knowledge Promote good control education Enhance professional and moral principles among teachers Provide strength and support to teachers to enable them to fight actively against corruption Boost up the inclusion of anti-corruption education in the school curriculum Obligations The Republic of Mauritius is growing day by day and in order to bring sustainable development, the Government is continuously making commitments with several high order organizations: The United Nations Convention Against Corruption, The SADC Protocol Against Corruption and The African Union on Preventing and Combating Corruption among many others. The fundamental raison dà ªtre of such obligations is to attract foreign investments to the country in order to have a positive economic growth and hence progress in the world. Chapter 6 [evaluation of measures] In this section we will be dealing with a local case and explain how the case in question affected development and created inequality in society. Also, we will try to find out what more can be done in order to prevent such situations in the future. 1 Mr. Robert Rivalland was prosecuted in this year for being part of a plot which was to the detriment of Air Mauritius. He was part of a money laundering case between 1982 and 1997, along with three other high officials of the Air Mauritius and The Rogers: the case was withdrawn from the three other partners. Robert Rivalland was the only one accused of having corruptly diverted about Rs. 85 million. His lawyer, Mrs. Yamilla Moonshiram, declared that the case of his defendant was stronger compared to one of the three other accused. Mr. Rivalland was finally condemned. Analysis: During this case, Mr. Rivalland seemed to be quite silent, especially during the case hearing. This may be seen in two ways: either he is truly innocent or he is really a culprit. Being part of the so called suspicious commission during 1982 and 1997 made it a hard attack against his defense in Court. As such, his name was mentioned several times when one of his fellow partners was accused: he was the one who approved the cheques which were diverted from the Air Mauritius account. During the 15 years of conspiracy, the Air Mauritius suffered a colossal loss. The Rs. 85 million could have been used in the expansion of the airport. This would furthermore enable a more massive flow of tourists in and out of the country. Since tourism is one of the pillars of the economy of our country, the whole nation would have benefited to a much larger extent. Moreover, the employees of Air Mauritius could have enjoyed a better salary which would have led to a higher standard of living and increase their productivity at work. The plot created a great disturbance in the Mauritian economy. The employees of Air Mauritius were marginalized. They could not benefit from any rise in their salaries and this further increased the gap between the rich and the poor in the society. The poor workers had to struggle to satisfy their needs which created a rift between their wealthier colleagues. Consequently, this increased social inequality. aaa Chapter 7 [recommendations] Mauritius is trying hard to polish its image around the world. Among poverty eradication and literacy, corruption is yet a problem that the Mauritian Government is facing. Some of the measures that can be implemented are: Keep the issue of acting against corruption under regular review. Collaborate with other countries and work together to devise strategies to counterattack corruption. Adopt the International Code of Conduct for Public officials. Hand over the power of a system to a Board of people rather to a single person. (Decisions that are voted by a Board are less doubtful compared to that made by a single person.) Abolish old and ineffective laws and establish new and stricter ones. Organize campaigns to both prevent and control corruption. Zero tolerance towards corrupt officials and high dignitaries (Through this measure, many high dignitaries were found to be implicated in corrupt acts in Zimbabwe- a member of the SADC. Since Mauritius forms part of this community, the same measure can be implemented to combat corruption). Sensitising workers on the causes, trend and impact of corruption Inculcating ethics and moral values as early as from primary schools so that children understand the implications of corruption. [conclusion] Ivan Pavlov rightly said that corruption is a conditioned-reflex action; a persons past corrupt gains boosts up his corrupt endeavours. Due to the innumerable factors discussed above, corruption has in fact become a vulnerable stage from which a feeble mind cannot abstain for long. Indeed, as several worldwide surveys have shown it, the scourge of corruption is a perpetual process that keeps on devouring a persons life. Once addicted to corrupt acts, it is nearly impossible for him to escape from the clutches of corruption. Nowadays, people of the higher hierarchy want to go ahead and earn even more money while on the other side, the poor remains unemployed and keeps on trying to meet the ends monthly. Both, corruption and inequality coexist in society and in order to eliminate one, we need to eliminate the other; they are mutually related. We should stop favouritism and start keeping faith in one another. Corruption will lead to nowhere while social trust will show the way to a country with a sustainable economy and hence a healthy population. We have, in the course of this project dealt with very resourceful information and have tried to bring forth the slowly emerging plague of the society- corruption- and we have also tried to suggest some recommendations. At the end of this highly resourceful project, we have realised that corruption is nothing more than the fruit of humans mind. We need to control it before it gets at arms length in the race of such a materialistic world. Facts and figures are the witnesses of its unprecedented rise. It is also a fact that people are becoming more aware of it but much remains to be done so as to eradicate corruption in not only Mauritius but in the whole world. Appendix The interview of Mr. Boodhoo, Chief Officer at the Corruption Prevention and Education Division on Monday 5th May 2008(10.00 a.m.) According to ICAC, how can corruption be defined? Corruption is an abuse of power or authority for personal gain. Now, according to the law and constitution of Mauritius, what is the definition of corruption? PoCA defines corruption as an abuse of power in the public and private sector for personal gain. What do statistics say about the trend of corruption in the Mauritian society? Corruption cannot be measured. It is impossible to measure corruption. It is a secretive activity. Nothing is gained from surveys about corruption. Only the perception of corruption is measurable. However, this is not 100% efficient. What procedure does the ICAC adopt to treat corruption cases? The complaint is directed to the board of ICAC. The board refers the matter for investigation if required. In terms of national and international relationships, how does corruption affect our countrys status? Investors will not be willing to invest if they perceive the country as corrupted. Knowing that for every business, bribes will be needed. Hence, there will be no Foreign Direct Investment. Laws and bills are still being voted in the Mauritian assembly. How far do you think that these measures are reliable and effective? We should know how far the laws are enforced. We should not only pass laws

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Culture, Nature & Freedom: Treating Juvenile Offenders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Groneman   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Argiro, T.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  W. Civ. 205   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  December 12,1996 In Kansas, Juvenile offenders are sent to â€Å"Youth Centers†. These are merely Child prisons, lockdown facilities for kids. This style of treatment goes against every idea of growth put forward in this class. In this paper I will try to justify the use of residential treatment schemes through the ideas found in several of this semesters authors; including T.Huxtley, Rousseau, DuBois, Freud, A.Huxtley, and Mill. The Ideals set forth by these intellectuals should be the basis for all treatment, to better the individuals and society. First, We can look to DuBois. He believes that people can change their own consciousness. He shows this through his Immersion narrative. This can't work in a youth center. The only cultural ideal here is the Master/slave dialectic between staff and youth. The sides work apart. The two can't join because one does not experience the other. There is no way to be â€Å"above the veil† of their status. In a residential treatment modality, Relationship building is key to success. The youth need to feel the veil has been lifted. It allows them to explore safely and see the world in a greater view. The view as other is removed and a true balance displaces the master / slave one. Next, we can look at Mills Ideas on culture. He would like to elevate the morals of the human mind. To do this, we must continually test the standard. New ideas must be able to circulate freely. We must weigh how all actions effect others. This can not be done in these Youth centers as well. They have very specific codes and any questioning is reprimanded. Cultural influx is at a standstill and Censor ship is at it's highest possible level. A residential treatment modality gives all ideas a free shot. Self Government, A system used by the youth assures a safe environment to share all feedback and new ideas openly, to non judgmental ears. it looks at how one's action are related to others and provides a ‘safe place' for all expression. Allowing ideas to stay fresh and moral stability and growth to flourish. This leads us directly to the dehumanization described by T.H. Huxtley. First, we have the effects of Social-Darwinism. We are using our own projections of nature for a model. These children are being culturally pushed aside for progress, stuck in mini prisons. Where, rather than fix problems, we push them into suffering so that we may achieve gains. Then there is the idea of the gospel of wealth. Why help these kids?