Does Affirmative Action Make Moral Sense - 1084 Words

Does affirmative action make moral sense? A moral being is one capable of conforming to the rules of right conduct, but a big question that follows concerns the idea if there even is such a thing as â€Å"right conduct.† â€Å"Whatever can be proved to be good, must be so by being shown to be a means to something admitted to be good† (Mill 6). In John Stuart Mill’s book, â€Å"Utilitarianism,† he states this notion where an individual assumes good things are good without knowing why they’re good. Defined from the National Conference of State Legislatures, Affirmative action policies are those in which an institution or organization actively engages in efforts to improve opportunities for historically excluded groups in American society. Mainly focused†¦show more content†¦Taking a look at certain racial or ethnic groups often with financial disadvantages are not exposed to the resources individuals from higher socioeconomic stand points. The same opportunities withheld in the higher education atmosphere also apply to the employment atmosphere. Affirmative action overall offers opportunity to the groups that have a lesser chance do to specific factors like finances, social class, language barriers, population percentage in the establishments, etc. â€Å"The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the revers e of happiness† (Mill 9). In Mills view, the key concept of which the foundation of morals accepts are actions that promote happiness, and when institutions and establishments offer opportunities of a lifetime, happiness is bound to be found. Which in the view of the question, Affirmative action does make moral sense. On the other hand, Affirmative action has a vice that creates negative tension. The National Conference of State Legislatures states that affirmative action was created to ensure fair admission practices and to rectify a long period of racial discrimination. The policy is outdated, however, and causes a form of

African Americans And The New State Constitution - 1836 Words

In Birmingham, Alabama between 1957 and 1962 seventeen black churches and homes had been bombed, racial tension continued to grow, and more and more African Americans were being killed. Although the population of Birmingham was 40% African American, there seemed little hope for a political solution to the racial divide; of 80,000 registered voters, only 10,000 were black due to a barrier that was placed on the new state constitution of Alabama. One of these barriers was an annual poll tax that had to pay for two years before the new election season. African Americans in Mississippi could barely afford the necessities in order to live such as food, clothes, and a roof over their head. African Americans were the poorest part of Mississippi’s population. The other barrier that was placed in the new state constitution was a literacy test. It required a person seeking to register to vote to read a section of the state constitution and explain it to the county clerk, a white man, w ho processed voter registrations. This new law was setup for African Americans to fail. Along with many other civil rights leaders and members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Dr. Martin Luther King traveled to Birmingham, Alabama to lead and participate in several boycotts, marches, and picketing leading up to Dr. Martin Luther King’s arrest. While being incarcerated, Dr. King wrote an open letter more known as The â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†. In this letter, King highlights manyShow MoreRelatedThe Constitution And The American Constitution1141 Words   |  5 Pagestheir mistakes and promptly followed up by making quite possibly the most successful constitution ever in 1776. To ensure that American citizens would enjoy their new freedom, our founders kept in mind what John Locke had said in his An Essay Concerning Human Understanding â€Å"life, liberty, and property,† by coining â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness† into the final draft of the constitution. The constitution is important because it â€Å"exists to protect the rights of all citizens, and has noRead MoreThe Reconstruction After The Civil War977 Words   |  4 Pagesoutcome of America’s future. As history takes its course, most of the most have the same ending of coming to an end to start something new. One such movement was the Reconstruction. Reconstruction was a time period between 1865 and 1877 following the Civil War, during which people of the United States worked to put the country back together again, introducing a new set of significant challenges. Though, like all things in life, it did come to an end, the resulting outcome had been labeled both a successRead MoreThe Principles Of Slavery And Discrimination1517 Words   |  7 Pagesof slavery and discrimination actually a part of our nations birth and protected by the Constitution? Well, we live in a time where the topic of racial discrimination and things such as white privilege are a mainstay on the covers of many well-read newspapers all over the United States. Many people are torn on these issues and everyone is talking about it, and rightly so. Everyone knows that the United States was founded on the ideas of justice, fairness, and freedom – or was it? Of course ourRead MoreThe Reasons For The American Revolution992 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough the outcomes of the American Revolution only affected rich, white landowners at the time, it unknowingly provided the stepping stones that will later create equality and liberty for all people in the United States. This historic revolution provided a representative democracy in which future generations may pass or amend laws based on the people’s needs; a radical thought at the time. Other countries since then, such as France and Haiti, have followed the footsteps provided by America inRead MoreThe Reconstruction Era Was A Success1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe Reconstruction Era was a Success Shortly after the Civil War ended in 1867, President Abraham Lincoln’s new objective was to unify the union and the confederate states into what was formerly known as the United States of America. This time period is known as the Reconstruction Era, starting with the surrender of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House in 1865 and ending with the implementation of the Compromise of 1877. The Reconstruction Era was a time period full of political, economicRead MoreThe Civil War : America s Second Revolution1658 Words   |  7 Pagesmarked the beginning of the Civil War, often dubbed as America’s â€Å"Second Revolution.† This war ushered in a new political landscape in which the federal government reclaimed political power over the states allowing it to commence a revitalization of the Constitution. This revitalization, which fell under the Era of Reconstruction, granted a large- scale social development for African Americans initiating this social revolution . Such a dramatic advancement for the â€Å"inferior race† sparked oppositionRead MoreFreedom, Liberty, And Democracy1025 Words   |  5 PagesFinal Essay Since the founding of America, ideas of freedom, liberty, and democracy have been the priorities of Americans. Many people have sought religious freedom in the colonies which led to the founding of other colonies which turned into states. The new world was supposed to be a land of freedom, but many African Americans faced hard lives here. The revolutionary war helped bring an end to slavery and it caused the many whites to challenge black slavery because of revolutionary principles ofRead MoreSouthern Voting Barriers Essay1174 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed saying that every man would have the right to vote regardless of their race. It was meant to give the right to vote to the African American citizens. Even after this was passed however, states in the South were still able to find ways to keep African Americans from voting. It was easy to still deny their right to vote because the amendment only says that laws cannot be m ade making race a requirement for voting. The most effectiveRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement : Thurgood Marshall Law1501 Words   |  7 PagesMarshall blazed the trail for the Civil Rights Movement from two sides of the American Legal System, both as a lawyer, and as a Justice of the Supreme Court. Marshall’s initial rise to fame came as a result of his success as the head lawyer for the Brown family in Brown vs. The Board of Education. Later, Marshall was appointed to the Supreme Court, making him the first ever African American Supreme Court Justice in American history. Overall, Marshall’s impact as a lawyer, a judge, and an activist,Read MoreThe Between Federalists And Anti Federalists, Separation Of Powers And The Federal Government1508 Words   |  7 Pagesthat all Americans should recognize being in the United States Constitution; As supreme as it may portray out to be yet it comes with many imperfections that unsettles the states and greatly affected African Americans, leading future decisions to more disagreements throughout the course of history. The United States were beginning to form itself up since the Constitution was created, it granted the people the power to rule themselves without the federal government getting too involved in State affairs;

Jehovah’s Witnesses Free Essays

There are various Christian sects that deviated from the Roman Catholic religion. One of them is the organization of Jehovah’s Witnesses. The organization was formally established around 1870’s in Allegheny, Pennsylvania (Watchtower, 1984, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Jehovah’s Witnesses or any similar topic only for you Order Now 203). â€Å"At first they were known only as Bible Students, but in 1931 they adopted the Scriptural name Jehovah’s Witnesses†¦ Their beliefs are†¦ a restoration of first-century Christianity† (Watchtower, 1984, p. 203). Jehovah’s Witnesses base their beliefs in accordance to the New World Translation bible. Thus, they refrain from celebrating popular, pagan practices such birthday celebrations and holidays. They also remain neutral in government affairs and abstain from blood transfusion. Witnesses do not partake in pagan festivities and activities that humans have decided for themselves. This is because they firmly believe that it contradicts bible principles and teachings. They also desire to have an everlasting life and live under God’s kingdom. In order to do this they have to disassociate from anything that is not in relation to the bible. In addition, Witnesses’ concept of soul, hell and baptism are also derived from the bible. Witnesses immerse themselves in religious activities such as regular bible study, publication study, and attendance meetings to gain more knowledge about Jehovah. This enables them to effectively vindicate his name, which they do by actively participating in service-also known as door to door preaching. Witnesses have thoroughly researched the origin of birthdays. In their publication, Reasoning from the Scriptures, it states that [t]he various customs with which people today celebrate their birthdays have a long history. Their origins lie in the realm of magic and religion. The customs of offering congratulations, presenting gifts and celebrating- complete with lighted candles- in ancient times were meant to protect the birthday celebrant from the demons and to ensure his security for the coming year†¦ (Schwabische Zeitung [German magazine] cited in Watchtower, 1989, p. 69). Also, [t]he custom of lighted candles on the cakes started with the Greeks†¦ Birthday candles, in folk belief, are endowned with special magic for granting wishes†¦. Birthday greetings have the power for good or ill because one is closer to the spirit world on this day (The Lore of Birthdays cited in Watchtower, 1989, p. 69-70). In addition, holidays such as Christmas, New Year and Easter also come from pagan traditions. Christmas was set on December 25 because it correspond[s] to pagan festivals that took place around the time of the winter solstice, †¦ to celebrate the rebirth of the sun†¦ The Roman Saturnalia (a festival dedicated to Saturn, the god of agriculture, and to the renewed power of the sun), also took place at this time†¦ Encyclopedia Americana cited in Watchtower, 1989, p. 176). Also, â€Å" ‘[d]uring the Saturnalia†¦ feasting prevailed, and gifts were exchanged. ‘† (Encyclopedia Americana cited in Watchtower, 1989, p. 178). Moreover, the early Christians considered the celebration of anyone’s birth to be a pagan custom†¦. [This is because] [b]irthday celebrations were held in hono r of pagan deities. For example, on May 24 Romans celebrated the birthday of the goddess Diana. On the following day, they observed the birthday of their sun-god, Apollo. Hence, birthday celebrations were associated with paganism, not with Christianity (The World Book Encyclopedia cited in Watchtower, 2005, p. 157). This does not mean that Witnesses do not engage in gift-giving. Witnesses give gifts to other people but they just practice this throughout the year, when it is not expected, instead of just a couple of occasions in a year such as Christmas and birthdays. To put it in line with the scriptures, 2 Corinthians 9:7 states â€Å"Let each one do just as he has resolved in his heart, not grudgingly or under compulsion, for God loves a cheerful giver† (New World Bible, 1984, p. 447). Thus, occasions such as Christmas and birthdays forces a person to get something for another individual even though they may not want to. Generally, people are expected to do this because the occasion expects them to do so. Likewise, New Year was established by Julius Caesar on January 1 in 46 B. C. to dedicate a day to the Roman god Janus- deity of gates, door s, and beginnings (The World Book Encyclopedia cited in Watchtower, 1989, p. 180). Besides, the eggs associated with Easter â€Å"is the emblem of the germinating life of early spring†¦ The rabbit is a pagan symbol and has always been an emblem of fertility† (Watchtower, 1989, p. 179). Easter in fact â€Å"bears its Chaldean origin on its very forehead. Easter is nothing else than Astarte†¦ the queen of heaven†¦ [also] the dyed eggs of†¦ Easter Sunday, figured in the Chaldean rites just as they do now† (The Catholic Encyclopedia cited in Watchtower, 1989, p. 180). In short, Witnesses do not condone merry-making, gathering of family members and close friends and even gift-giving. The only thing that they have a problem with is in regards to the origin of birthdays and holidays. To stress the importance of the fact that origins do matter, [s]uppose you saw a piece of candy lying in the gutter. Would you pick up that candy and eat it? Of course not! That candy is unclean. Like that candy, holidays may seem sweet, but they have been picked up from unclean places (Watchtower, 2005, p. 159). Another matter that Witnesses do not engage in is political affairs and anything that is related to it such as saluting the flag, singing the national anthem and being enlisted in military service. Witnesses emphasize the scripture in John 18:36 to support this belief. John 18:36 states what Jesus said when he was on trial before the Roman ruler Pilate, â€Å" ‘My kingdom is no part of this world, [because if it is] my attendants would have fought that I should not be delivered up to the Jews. But†¦ my kingdom is not from this source† (New World Bible, 1984, p. 1356). This clearly shows that earthly kingdoms of any government entity do not deserve utmost devotion because they will not be able to provide eternal salvation (N. Sarmiento, 2008). In addition, Witnesses avoid blood transfusion at any cost. Abstaining from blood is stated in Acts 15:28, 29 The holy spirit and we ourselves [the governing body of the Christian congregation] have favored adding no further burden to you, except these necessary things, to keep from abstaining from things sacrificed to idols and from blood and from things strangled and from fornication. If you carefully keep yourselves from these things, you will prosper†¦ (New World Bible, 1984, p. 1383). Notice that blood is in the same category as idolatry and fornication. Therefore, [i]n God’s eyes, our doing that [abstaining from blood] is as important as our avoiding idolatry and sexual immorality†¦ w]e are wise, then, to put our trust in the rightness of God’s law†¦ [Witnesses] are sure that the Creator of blood knows what is best for them† (Watchtower, 2005, p. 130-131). Thus, the gravity of the matter is considered a very serious offense once it is committed. In addition, the only proper use of blood is to atone for one’s sins. Leviticus 17:11 states,  "For the soul of the flesh is in the blood, and I myself have put it upon the altar for you to make atonement for your souls, because it is the blood that makes atonement†¦ † (New World Bible, 1984, p. 159). Hence, Israelites used to sacrifice animal blood to atone for their sins. In earlier times, people have refrained from eating animal’s blood. Considering this is the case, how much more so should people avoid human blood? â€Å"Minicius Felix (third century C. E. ) [says that]: ‘So much do we shrink from human blood, that we do not use the blood even of eatable animals in our food. ‘† (Watchtower, 1989, p. 72). Thus, Witnesses reason that In a hospital, when a patient cannot eat through his mouth, he is fed intravenously. Now, would a person who never put blood into his mouth but who accepted blood by transfusion really be obeying the command to ‘keep abstaining from†¦ blood’? Acts 15:29) To use a comparison, consider a man who is told by the doctor that he must abstain from alcohol. Would he be obedient if he quit drinking alcohol but had it put directly into his vein? (Watchtower, 1989, p. 73). Witnesses stick to their convictions because they follow what the bible says. Thus, they deem that â€Å"beliefs and practices of true religion are not based on human views and tradition. They originate in God’s inspired Word, the Bible† (Watchtower, 2005, p. 146). Also, by observing God’s word they know that they will gain everlasting life and will be there to be apart of God’s Kingdom. This is an appealing concept to them because in God’s Kingdom â€Å"humans will no longer get sick and die†¦ under Kingdom rule they will be able to live forever. The earth will be made into paradise† (Watchtower, 2005, p. 84). Equally important is that Witnesses do not abide by popular notions about the soul. Based on research, Witnesses found out that the soul’s â€Å"immortality† started with the â€Å"Babylonians [who] believed that humans have an immortal soul that survives the body after death and can suffer in a place of torment† (Watchtower, 2005, p. 52). As for the concept of hell, scriptures such as the one in Ezekiel 18:4 mentions that â€Å"†¦The soul that is sinning-it itself will die† (New World Bible, 1984, p. 1079). Romans 6: 23 also states â€Å"The wages sin pays is death†¦ † (New World Bible, 1984, p. 1411). And 1 Thessalonian 1:8-9 says â€Å"those who do not obey the good news about our Lord Jesus. These very ones will undergo the judicial punishment of everlasting destruction from before the Lord and from the glory of his strength† (New World Bible, 1984, p. 1476-77). These scriptures just illustrate the fact that the concept of hell, which most people perceive as a fiery place of torment, is not really stated anywhere in the bible as the punishment of people who constantly go against bible principles. The only outcome of their disobedient act is that they will perish. Hence, they will not be able to live in paradise earth for eternity and enjoy the wonderful blessings that will be bestowed upon the people who make it to this place. In addition, hell does not reflect God’s true personality. Witnesses further explain this by saying, What would you think of a parent who held his child’s hand over a fire to punish the child for wrongdoing? ‘God is love’ [according to 1 John 4:8] Would he do what no right-minded parent would do? Certainly not! † (Watchtower, 1984, p. 174). Another argument that is used to support this can be found in Jeremiah 7:31 which states, They [apostate Judeans] have built the high places of Topheth, which is in the valley of the son of Hinnom, in order to burn their sons and their daughters in the fire, a thing that I had not commanded and that had not come up into my heart (New World Bible, 1984, p. 75). Also, the other plausible reason is that In ancient Babylo[n] and Assyri[a,] beliefs [about] the ‘nether world†¦ is pictured as a place full of horrors, and is presided over by gods and demons of great strength and fierceness’†¦ Early evidence of the fiery aspect of Christendom’s hell is found in the religion of ancient Egypt (Religion of Babylonia and Assyria cited in Watchtower, 1984, p. 175). While Witnesses take the idea of baptism very seriously. The Reasoning from the Scriptures publication of the Watchtower defines baptism as â€Å"an outward symbol that the one being baptized has made a complete, unreserved, and unconditional dedication through Jesus Christ to do the will of Jehovah God† (Watchtower, 1984, p. 54). Hence, the decision to dedicate one’s life to Jehovah requires mature thinking even by children. Witnesses have certain requirements before a child can be baptized. First of all, the child has to study the bible and Witness publications. This is because the child has to understand and accept Christian teachings and beliefs so he or she will know how to serve Jehovah properly. The child also has to talk to an elder-an adult Witness who carries numerous religious responsibilities- to discuss his or her desire to be baptized. The elder will then ask the child, when the child is ready, questions regarding Christian teachings and beliefs to see if the child can take on the responsibility of serving Jehovah. After baptism, the child is formally apart of the congregation. Witnesses go through this process because they have strict and demanding spiritual activities. Witnesses do not take spiritual activities lightly. People who have been baptized as a Witness know all too well that being a Christian becomes their main priority. They are responsible to do the will of â€Å"Jehovah God [and] it must be [their] main purpose in life† (Watchtower, 2005, p. 179). Thus, people make sure that they are living their life in accordance to bible principles. In addition, baptism â€Å"publicly indicates your desire to serve God. It shows that you are delighted to do Jehovah’s Will† (Watchtower, 2005, p. 175). Being a true Christian is not easy because the world is full of temptations. To maintain strict adherence to bible principles, studying the bible and Witness publications reinforces what they know so that they can keep themselves grounded. This enables them to self-police themselves† (N. Sarmiento, 2008). While meetings-scheduled during a weekday and one every Sunday- allow Christians to know more about God through the bible (N. Sarmiento, 2008). Thus, attending meetings helps a person spiritually because it â€Å"increase[s] your knowledge of God† (Watchtower, 2005, p. 176). Finally, the extensive knowledge that they have accumulated is used to preach the word of God. Witnesses stress the importance of service because as â€Å"true followers of Jesus Christ [Witnesses] proclaim God’s heavenly Kingdom as the only hope for mankind† (Watchtower, 2005, p. 151). Also, â€Å"most Witnesses are excited to share what they have learned and can’t wait to share it to everyone they know† (N. Sarmiento, 2008). Thus, Witnesses naturally â€Å"find it hard to keep what [they] have learned to [themselves]†¦ † (Watchtower, 2005, p. 177). Therefore, service is a way to impart what one has learned to others. Engaging in service also shows that a person is following God’s teaching. Acts 10:42 states, â€Å"he ordered us to preach and to give a thorough witness† (New World Bible, 1984, p. 1376). In addition, people will not hear the good news of the kingdom if they do not go out there and preach it to people everywhere (N. Sarmiento, 2008). Jehovah’s Witnesses is an organization that has been misunderstood by most people. Indeed, most people will act indifferent-even discriminate-towards Jehovah’s Witnesses because they do not partake in birthdays, holidays, political affairs and even accept blood transfusion for their own health. Many people also think that their door to door preaching is their way of imposing their belief upon others. However, even though these people are targets of ridicule; they remain strong in their beliefs and active in their religious activities because they know that it is in accordance with bible principles. They also know that obeying God’s teachings will enable them to have everlasting life and be apart of God’s Kingdom that will come. How to cite Jehovah’s Witnesses, Papers

Role of a Paramedic Practitioner-.com

Question: Does the administration of subcutaneous injections of Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWHs) prevent Venous Thrombo-embolism (VTE) in hospitalised patients? Answer: Introduction The role of a paramedic practitioner in a clinical setting is a valuable one that entails adequate knowledge and practical skills. Continual professional development is essential for this group of professionals to address the evolving trends of healthcare services. The primary strategy to enhance skills and knowledge is to carry out primary research that addresses any clinical concern. Through such research one can gain insights into a clinical topic that has drawn the attention of practitioners and researchers with the aim of improving patient outcomes (Bledsoe et al., 2016). The present paper is on a proposed research on the topic of prevention of Venous thromboembolism in clinical settings. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been indicated as a major and adverse complication arising in clinical settings among adult patients that this group of professionals is to address (Agnelli et al. 2013). Low molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) are anticoagulant molecules that are used in clinical p ractice to address different patient complications (Szummer et al., 2015). The relation between LMWH and VTE has been the topic of interest at present. The study is proposed in this regard that is based on principles of research study methods. The significance of the study, research question, study design and methodology are discussed in details in the following sections. Background Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the disease including both pulmonary embolism (PE) and Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) that is lethal and affects hospitalised as well as nonhospitalised patients. The disease is more common in hospitalised patients and recurs frequently. It leads to long-term complications such as post-thrombotic syndrome and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (Heit et al., 2016). As opined by Grosse et al., (2016) VTE is most common cardiovascular disease after stroke and acute coronary syndrome. Schulman et al., (2017) explained the pathophysiology behind VTE. Venous thrombi are made up of red blood cells, leucocytes and platelets that are found to be present in bound condition by fibrin. Such thrombi are formed in the locations within the body where damage has been suffered to the vessels. Thrombi might be remaining in the peripheral veins or might be embolisingto the pulmonary arteries. In peripheral area it undergoes recanalisation after endogenous fibrinol ysis. Risk factors for VTE include surgery-related factors, trauma and patient-related factors. Some of the noteworthy patient-related factors include thrombophilia, obesity, respiratory failure and cardiac failure. Some of the other factors that increase the risk of VTE include fracture of the femur, blood transfusion, injury to the spinal cord and shock suffered due to admission to hospital. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is a category of anticoagulant medications are being used widely for preventing blood clots. Heparin is a polysaccharide occurring naturally that is capable of inhibiting coagulation, the process leading to thrombosis. Since administration of heparin can be done subcutaneously, it permits treatment of patient conditions related to diverse conditions (Laubli et al., 2016). One example of LMWH is Enoxaparin that acts as an anticoagulant and research is going on to understand the applicability of this molecule against various diseases. The molecule acts by binding to the antithrombin for forming a complex molecule. This molecule then acts by irreversibly inactivating clotting factor Xa. Enoxaparin can be metabolised into unfractionated species with lesser weights by depolymerisation in the body (Rodger et all., 2016). A rich pool of research has highlighted the effectiveness of low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) in addressing medical complications. There has been a growing amount of interest to point out and understand the conditions that can be prevented with the suitable administration of LMWH. One such area has been Venous thromboembolism the draws attention at present. Clinicians have considered intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH) as the standard treatment for VTE. Though the effectiveness of this treatment has been established across studies, the effectiveness of such heparin as a preventive medication for VTE has not been given much prominence. With the emergence of LMWH, its efficacy and safety has been time and again compared to that of UFH. Statement of the problem Whether Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWHs) when administered as subcutaneous injections prevents Venous Thrombo-embolism (VTE) in hospitalised patients is the concerned research problem in the present case. The proposed study is therefore based on this context and puts forward a PICO question to gain insights into this research topic. The PICO research question that would be addressed in the proposed study is as follows: Does the administration of subcutaneous injections of Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWHs) prevent Venous Thrombo-embolism (VTE) in hospitalised patients? The details of the PICO elements are as follows- Population: Hospitalized adult patients Intervention: Use of low molecular weight heparin, Enoxaparin Comparison: No treatment Outcome: Reduced incidence of VTE Significance of research Though there has a considerable research to understand the link between administration of heparins and patient complications in a healthcare setting, there is a lack of suitable studies that establish the relationship between heparins and VTE. After an analysis of the present research articles, it can be stated that there has been no specific study that has studied whether heparin of low molecular weight can prevent VTE. Since VTE is a serious concern in the medical domain, the possibility of LMWH to act as a preventive agent for the same is to be exploited optimally. The proposed research has been thought of against this background that would predominantly carry forward research in this direction. The aim of the proposed study is to carry out an evaluation of administration of LMWH in adult hospitalised patients for preventing Venous Thrombo-embolism. On the basis of the research and further studies in this line, reforms can be brought about in the clinical guidelines for prevention of VTE in clinical settings. The study would, therefore, act as significant one that would change the course of preventive care provided by nurses to patients admitted to hospitals for preventing adverse outcomes. If found effective, LMWH can be considered as a real therapeutic advance made in the long-term prevention of VTE. Methodology Panneerselvam (2014) highlighted that methodology of any research is a crucial dimension that determines the effectiveness of the study. The methodology acts as the systematic plan for carrying out research which can be either quantitative or qualitative. The proposed study would be a prospective, nonblinded, active, randomised, controlled trial in any clinical setting where around 1000 surgical procedures are carried out in a year. As opined by Miles, P and Fisher (2016) a randomised controlled trial is the form of scientific experiment that has the aim of reducing bias while testing a new form of treatment. In such a study, participants are allocated to the treatment group or the placebo group as a control in a random manner. The purpose is that randomisation eliminates chances of selection bias and permits the researchers to understand the impact of the treatment as compared to no treatment with constant variables. The method is highly reliable and acts as the most rigorous scient ific evidence in the hierarchy of evidence (Panneerselvam, 2014). A nonblinded study is the one in which the researchers are aware of the treatment that is to be given to the participants. In addition, the participants are also aware of the treatment that is given to them (Hulbk et al., 2016). Prospective studies are those which observes for outcomes during the study, relating them to any factor that is considered for the study (Parkin et al., 2017). Study Design Participants Patient data would be collected for physical examination, medical history, blood sampling and duplex examination. Patients above the age of 18 and below the age of 80 years would be considered for the study. The patients would further required to be undergoing surgery. The risk assessment model for the study to require the assignment of each patient to a total risk factor score. This coud be then categorised into low, moderate, high and highest scores. Subjects would be found to be having low, high and higher risk for VTE would be excluded from the study. Patients will be excluded from the study if they are found to be bleeding. Other exclusion criteria would include significant liver disease, need for anticoagulation therapy, pregnancy and breastfeeding, use of fibrinolytic therapy and use of HIV protease inhibitors. Statistical calculation would be done for deciding upon the sample size with an equal number of male and female participants. The study participants would be divided in to two groups. In the first group, participants would be given Enoxaparin, a commonly used LMWH, subcutaneously once daily for ten days. The participants would be considered for postoperative thromboprophylaxis consisting of compression stockings and early mobilisation. For the second group, no Enoxaparin would be administered; this group would act as the control group. Each participant would be randomised to the single treatment with the help of randomly permuted blocks. Preoperative evaluation Gender, age and medical comorbidities of the patient, such as renal insufficiency, diabetes, congestive heart disease, active malignancy, the chronic pulmonary disease would be entered into a particular database. Presence of risk factors for VTE, such as recent surgery, tobacco use, trauma, postpartum site and hormonal therapy would also be recorded appropriately. The patients would be considered for diagnosing superficial venous insufficiency preoperatively as per the duplex ultrasound (DUS). A basic protocol would be used that aids in DUS-directed vein mapping. This would consider a bilateral lower limb duplex venous compression ultrasonography scan that uses 3-7.5 MHz transducers. It is to bee noted that the veous ultrasound examination would use imaging equipment that is of high definition and would consider imaging the venous segments without and with compression. The bilateral iliac, profunda femoris, inferior cava, femoral, common femoral, and popliteal veins would be checked in the supine position. Further, the bilateral calf veins, encompassing peroneal, posterior tibial, soleal and gastrocnemial would be studied in the sitting position. Thromboembolism prophylaxis Thrombophylaxis would consist of thigh-length compression stockings together with early mobilisation. In addition, a daily injection of LMWH, Enoxaparin would be given at the dose of 2500/3500 IU/day. Compression bandages would be used as the form of mechanical prophylaxis at 25mmHg. This would be done for the initial one week after which stockings would be used at 12-15mmHg. The participants would be required to wear thee compression devices in a continuous manner for three months after they have undergone the surgery. The heparin administration would start six hours after closure of the wound. Postoperative followup The proposed study would entail follow-up visits at one month, three month and six months. For each case of followup visit, an interview is to be carried out for understanding the outcomes of the given intervention. This would include cases of VTE. These interviews would be face-to-face and as per the convenience of the patients. All details are to be recorded appropriately. The primary end point for the study. Episodes of VTE would be confirmed when he following conditions would be present; signs and symptoms of VTE together with diagnosis through proper diagnosis procedure encompassing compression ultrasonography. Laboratory examination would include international normalised ratio (INR), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), haemoglobin, D-dimer, platelet count, creatinine level and hemotocrit. Platelet control is to be performed after one week for excluding thrombocytopenia type II induced by heparin. End points The primary end point of the study would be the absence of VTE as proven sonographically. Primary safety end points and secondary efficacy would be superficial venous thrombosis, major bleeding, hematoma formation and other bleedings. Some other efficacy outcomes would be a determination of D-dimer at one, three and six months follow up. The primary safety outcome would be incidences of major bleeding starting after the first administration of heparin and at six months follow up. The definition for major bleeding would be that which are fatal and into any critical organ such as cranial, retroperitoneal, intraspinal and intraocular. Bleeding requiring reoperation and those which would be clinically overt and at the extrasurgical site would also be determined as major bleeding. The secondary safety outcomes would include non-major and on treatment bleeding, wound complications related to haemorrhage, postoperative bleeding, adverse events and mortality (Chai-Adisaksopha et al., 2017). Statistical analysis The basis for the calculation of sample size would be assumed event rate of 15% in the moderate risk group and a risk reduction of 10% with LMWH. Differences between research outcomes and patient characteristics would be calculated with the help of the Mann-Whitney U-test. In addition, two-sided Fishers exact test would be done. A value of P 0.05 would be statistically significant. An interim analysis would be done at three months. The Mann-Whitney U test is a commonly used nonparametric test that determines whether a randomly selected value from one sample would be lesser than or greater than a randomly selected value from another sample. It does not need the basic assumptions of normal distributions though the efficiency is as that of the t-test. The utility of the test lies when two samples that are independent from each other are to be selected from a population with same distribution (Beins McCarthy, 2017). Two sided Fishers exact test is a test of statistical significance that is used in case of categorical data (Connelly, 2016). Implementation The protocol for the study is to be approved by the institutional review board at the hospital and in accordance with the local regulations. Ethical considerations remain when human participants are considered for a study. In this view it would be necessary to obtain informed consent from patients who would take part in the study. Informed consent refers to the process of agreeing to take part in any research procedure after understanding the benefits and risks of the such participation. The process entails explaining the participants the purpose and objective of the research and outlining the potential risks and complications. Informed consent is primitive on the basis of legal and moral premises of the patients autonomy. The patients would not be influenced in any manner to take part in the study (Panneerselvam, 2014). The primary outcome measure of the trial would be postoperative VTE over a followup period of six months. The secondary outcome measure would include superficial ven ous thrombosis, postoperative bleeding complications. Conclusion Research is significant for paramedic professionals that enables them to focus on clinical issues related to their practice. Development of more in-depth understanding of clinical strategies enhances clinical decision making. Critical thinking is also augmented in this process. The proposed research would be suitable to highlight whether VTE can be prevented by LMWH such as enoxaparin in adult patients who are hospitalised. The study would be valuable in bridging the gaps in existing studies in this context. The research would further add valuable information to the already existing pool of literature of wide application of LMWH. Based on the results of the study, clinical guidelines can be modified so as to incorporate the novice finding. Further trials can also be conducted taking insights from the proposed research that can further bring into light novice concepts. The overall objective would be to allow better delivery of care to patients who are hospitalised in different setting s and present the risk of suffering VTE. Timely implementation of the proposed research with the help of adequate funding would be highly warranted. It is to be hoped that the research would be praiseworthy in the field of paramedicine. References Agnelli, G., Buller, H. R., Cohen, A., Curto, M., Gallus, A. S., Johnson, M., ... Weitz, J. I. (2013). Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism.New England Journal of Medicine,369(9), 799-808. Beins, B. C., McCarthy, M. A. 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