The Woman who Had Two Navels by Nick Joaquin Essay Example

The Woman who Had Two Navels by Nick Joaquin Paper p> This novel by Joaquin is a literary assessment of the influence of the past to the time encompassing events in the Philippines after World War II, an examination of an assortment of legacy and heritage and the questions of how can an individual exercise free will and how to deal with the shock after experiencing epiphanic recognition. Main characters: Among the characters conjured by Joaquin are the Manolo Vidal and his family, Connie Escobar, Esteban and Concha Borromeo, Father Tony, Paco Texeira, and Doctor Monson, a former rebel hiding in Hong Kong to avoid postwar trials. Connie Escobar, the lead female character, was described by literary critic Epifanio San Juan as a sufferer of her mothers estrangement from a world where unconfident males take advantage of women by violating them or by venerating them. Connie is married to Macho Escobar, a man who had an affair with Connies mother, a past incident that serves as an umbilical cord or umbilicus, a remnant connected to her present and future because of her refusal to leave the issue in the ast. According to Epifanio San Juan, the character of Manolo Vidal is the embodiment of the Filipino nationalistic bourgeois who were once critical of the theocracy of the Spaniards but became transformed puppets and servants of these colonialists. While, on the other hand, Macho Escobar is not a revolutionary but a member of the dehumanized clan of hacenderos or landlords of sugar plantations. Paco Texeira was a survivor between the behaviors of the Monson and Vidal families, and also acted as Nick Joaquins conscience, an observer who could have enetrated the existing rituals and ruses. We will write a custom essay sample on The Woman who Had Two Navels by Nick Joaquin specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Woman who Had Two Navels by Nick Joaquin specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Woman who Had Two Navels by Nick Joaquin specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Texeira had the capacity to apprehend and break the class barrier depicted in the novels society, but refused to do so. STORY Nick Joaquins The Woman Who Had Two Navels revolved around the upper middle class expatriates consciousness during the American period of colonization. It portrayed every characters struggle to maintain their selves in a foreign setting like Hongkong. It can also be defined as coming to terms with the political consciousness during that period. The novel also contained mixtures of hatred, love, anger, nsecurities, and sufferings that manifest in the realities of life making the flow of the story more provocative and appealing to the audience. The title of the novel excited my curiosity; thats why it took me a long time to analyze and think the interpretations that I have to use to show its significance. The story started with Connie, a daughter of a wealthy politician. Connie portrayed herself as a person with two navels. Literally, when a woman has two navels, this means that she has two umbilical cords. The navel is the shortened umbilical cord usually removed when a person is orn. But it is not possible because if a person has two umbilical cords, he is a preternatural being a mutant. Connie, pretending that she has two navels may refer to the rebirths that she underwent. The first rebirth was escaping from her mothers evil clutches since she was an unwanted child always ostracized and continously suffered from the ghosts of the past that haunted her. Let us not also affair of her husband Macho and her mother that made her feel miserable at some points in her life. The second rebirth refers to her awakening, her self realization and mancipation as a woman. She learned to face reality and accepted the truth. In my point of view, her reason why she pretended to have two navels is that she wanted to forget everything about her, to be different so that another personality will reside and dwell on her. Looking from another perspective, in this case coming from a historical vantage point, the two navels may signify Hongkong and the Philippines. Even if the story was set in Hongkong, still, Filipino culture is present in its context. Furthermore as the novel progressed, it presented the Filipinos need to bond ogether and attempted to reestablish their roots; however musch as when they, as exemplified by Paco, were made unaware of the Filipino culture. The novel also portrayed an interlocution between Chinese and Filipino consciousness. An example of this was Rita who dresses up in dragons and pagan Jewels to meditate on the Virgin. The sense of nationalism and being Filipino was depicted in Connies character that made her symbolize the country. The fact that she was born in Hongkong, she still longed for her native land the Philippines. And like most of us Filipinos, she tried to laugh at every problem and pretended that everythings fine. This trait refuted the positive notion of being Filipino. In relation to the stories title, a lot of Connies exist in our present realm. Up to this time, it is obvious that some of our mother-daughter relationships fail. As individuals, we are afraid to admit the truth within ourselves. We usually deny the mistakes that we commit. We try to live a world of lies. We want to escape from our realities and always make excuses. Let us not forget that even if it is painful to face the truth, this will gradually help us in ccepting ourselves more and be better persons. Though we may encounter some unexpected instances, the fact that we resign ourselves to certainty and veracuty is more than enough. Joaquin presented the novel without the consistency of a normal narrative presenting the story in a non-linear manner and focused first on the present and unfolded the numerous settings as every character was introduced on several parts. It revolved around the concern of the little people and of the metanarratives that were expounded on as the story was completed.

Social Learning Theory and TV Violence essays

Social Learning Theory and TV Violence essays DON-RAY TV Violence on Children In the United States children watch an average of three to fours hours of television daily (Cantor and they identify with certain characters, good or bad. Therefore, extensive viewing of television violence by children causes greater aggressiveness (Rosenthal, 1986). Typically, children begin watching television at a very early age, sometimes as early as six months, and are fervent viewers by the time that they are two or three years old (Murray, 1997). The amount of time that American children spend watching TV is remarkable, an average of four hours a day, 28 hours a week, 2,400 hours a year, nearly 18,000 hours by the time they graduate from high school (Chen, 1994, p.23). In comparison, they spend a mere 13,000 hours in school, from kindergarten through twelfth grade (Chen, 1994). It appears children spend more time watching TV than any other activity. Studies have shown that children, in the hours between school and dinnertime, spend nearly 80 percent of the time watching television (Chen, 1994). Children living in poverty watch even more television than average some up to seven hours a day. By the time a poor child graduates from high school, he or she may have watched as many as 22,000 hours of TV (Chen, 1994). Bandura, (1973) indicates that sometimes, watching a single violent program can increase aggressiveness. Children who watch television shows in which violence is very realistic, frequently repeated or unpunished, are more likely to imitate ...

Fair trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fair trade - Essay Example This implies that national sovereigns can be more hesitant to handle occurrences of non-conformity with internationally agreed rules and regulations by private companies. Countries and governments have the obligation to establish paradigms for co-existence, including the deference of principles such as the protection of worker’s rights in the global labour market (Hayes 2006). Globalization of production is generating a broadening irregularity in the international marketplace; there is an unparalleled level of technology transfer as well as capital mobility across national borders. Alternatively, labour mobility is under numerous constraints, from requirements for visa to work-related authorization. The sovereignty for monetary flows in financial markets does not qualify the labour market. As capital markets are being internationalized, labour markets, on the other hand, are becoming sterile and turning out to be ever more dysfunctional. Unregulated monetary flows can create distresses and insecurity, such as East Asian currency crisis 1997 and the Mexican Peso crisis of 1994. Nonetheless, there is one more, less acknowledged instability in the form of increasing exploitation, inequity and prejudiced employment practices in international labour markets. Some have proposed a ‘race to the bottom’ in which high capital mobility looks for cheap labour in administrations and eagerly evades social norms and labour codes. This pattern can merely be stopped and countered through a universal recognition of and conformity to central labour standards, guaranteeing that every market, comprising labour markets, operate efficiently and even-handedly. A trade structure founded on capital-labour irregularity puts off equitability in employment as well as in income prospects among the ‘stakeholders in the Global Family.’ (Bauder 2006). It creates instability, and most importantly, inequality. The core

Working with Federal Reserves Publications Essay

Working with Federal Reserves Publications - Essay Example In the past Central Bankers have traditionally been close-mouthed and the Federal Reserve was often reluctant to state publicly what its current policy directive is; what its idea about future monetary policy actions including its predictions in relation to general economic conditions or interest rates (Ehrmann et al 2007). Hence periodic or regular publications may provide some detailed analysis of monetary policies for the preceding moths or years but does not divulge any information details regarding current of future polices. The conventional or common practice of the Federal Reserve in keeping quiet about present and future monetary policies have change recently becoming more transparent such that after meetings the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) publicly relates monetary policy decisions and central bank forecasts, which also includes justifications for any changes that were or are made (Ehrmann et al 2007). The justifications include considerations taken that resulted to the decision over the changes done on the said monetary policies. The trend of the economy and financial markets generally rely on the monetary policy standpoint and balance-of-risks appraisal of the Federal Reserves or Central Bank’s public statements in connection to inflation and other forms of economic circumstances. The transparency adopted by the Federal reserve lessens market uncertainty with respect to any future monetary policy. However, the Federal Reserve has an option to change its perception and views after making a public announcement regarding its policies. But even with the data or information made available on prior and future monetary policies, a precise determination of the effects of such policies on the general economy and its financial markets can be hard to identify mainly due to other economic factors that can change overtime. 2. Explain the Federal Reserve’s current view about inflation Inflation usually occurs when there is an excess demand, when prices rise when total spending made by consumers, business firms and the government go beyond the value of the total amount produced within a given economy (Roberts 2006). In relation to this, changes in monetary policies as well as fiscal policies contribute greatly to the level of demand which is affected by government purchases, total consumption and investments made (Roberts 2006). However, this has no actual connection to the price level that is similar to the actual price of a single commodity; especially if all other changeable factors are constant like income (wages) and the prices of other goods. The collective price level normally indicates that all other prices are shifting as well. Therefore, incomes usually rise and fall with the level of prices because income is obtained from the price and quantity of goods sold (Roberts 2006). Issues regarding shifts or changes in the economy are quite complicated sine in real terms output in answer to demand cannot increase bey ond the full level of employment which triggers an increase in spending that can merely be attained at higher prices. This can be illustrated in the Philips curve where total demand can be slimmed down or increased in tandem with supply in order to attain full employment output with supply in order to attain full employment output with stable prices. Reality wise, demand is affected by difference in government spending and taxation (fiscal policy) or by the variation s in monetary factors that affects business investment spending. As a whole, it is difficult for the Federal Reser

International leadership and HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International leadership and HRM - Essay Example The connotation of innovation with technological advancements has been made by several researchers due to the extravagant usage and dependency of organizations (Perrin, 2010). The eradication of human workforce is also deeming to be happening in the coming days. The products and services oriented organizations strive to optimize their business endeavors by the induction of innovation and originality (Kobayashi, Booth and Gaul, 2012). The essence of innovation is to transform business expeditions into trouble-free and uncomplicated mechanisms, which would result in increased productivity and profitability. Organizations such as Wal-Mart, Nike, Marks and Spencer and Dell have transfigured their operations splendidly by introducing innovative features in their business processing units. The revolutionizing of organizational practices into more productive and dynamic ways requires specific environment, culture and atmosphere to act in (Tidd and Bessant, 2011). Leadership styles play pivo tal role in the organizational development and expansion phase. The change intervention strategy in the firm is highly dependent on the way leader performs his activities. In this regard, distinct leadership styles can be followed. The following of a particular leadership style escorts the path of performing activities precisely. The enactment of jumble leadership styles cannot be constructive as direction determination can be trembling and employees would be puzzled about the orientation and performance of duties. The leadership style deployment should be made wisely by acknowledging ground realities and competency of employees (Shriberg, 2011). Purpose and Objectives: The purpose of this essay is to exemplify about the global economic conditions rampant and highlight about the measures to make business processing viable. The commencement of innovation and creativity in the firms is discussed in this paper. The objective is to present in-depth concrete analysis about the virtue and caliber of innovation strategies and how come they would benefit the organizations. The impact factor of innovation and creativity on the organizational outcomes has been elucidated. Examples of the leaders and organizations, where certain leadership styles were followed are presented. Furthermore, classification of leadership styles and their effectiveness is listed too. The objective remains to present comprehensive details about international human resource management and the role of leadership in the transformation of organizations. Innovation and Creativity Definition and Theme: According to Hokanson and Miller (2000), the term innovation can be defined as incepting something new and unique, which creates value and has not been urbanized yet. Innovation can be brought into the manufacturing of a product or in the services exceptionality segment. Creativity is stated as the temperament of thinking out of the box and generating distinctive ideas which would help individuals, org anizations and masses. The creativity element can be helpful in solving problems and issues too (Sawyer, 2012). Innovation and creativity side by side in the organizations. The role of both these objects cannot be sidelined. The inauguration of innovative and creative themes in the organization helps to achieve mission and vision of the firm in the respective time

Joubert Syndrome with Orofaciodigital Defects

Joubert Syndrome with Orofaciodigital Defects A report of Joubert syndrome in an infant, with literature review ABSTRACT Joubert Syndrome and related disorders (JSRD) are a group of rare autosomal recessive disorders with a hallmark molar tooth sign (MTS) visible on axial magnetic resonance images of the brain. Joubert syndrome with Oro-facial-digital defects (JS-OFD) represents a rare subtype of JSRD. This syndrome is often difficult to diagnose because of its wide range of genotypic-phenotypic variations. Despite its profound oro-facial manifestations, dental literature describing the syndrome is scarce. This is a case report of an 8-year-old boy who reported to the out-patient department of pediatric dentistry with the chief complaint of abnormal front teeth. The child exhibited facial dysmorphism, strabismus, polydactyly of hands and feet along with oro-dental features of a high arched palate and high lingual frenum attachment. MRI report stated the presence of molar tooth sign. Key Words: Joubert syndrome and related disorders, Oro-facial-digital syndrome type VI, molar tooth sign INTRODUCTION Joubert syndrome (JS) was first described by Marie Joubert in 1968 in four siblings with agenesis of the cerebellar vermis who presented with episodic hyperpnoea, abnormal eye movements, ataxia and intellectual disability [1,2]. Several years later, it was discovered that JS results from maldevelopment of the midbrain and cerebellar vermis, producing a pathognomonic MTS on MRI [3]. The common term Joubert Syndrome and Related Disorders (JSRD) was then coined for the group of conditions presenting with the MTS [4]. The incidence of this clinical entity has not been precisely determined, however, it may range between 1/80,000 and 1/100,000 live births [2] with only about 200 cases that have been reported worldwide[5]. CASE REPORT An 8 year old boy reported to the outpatient Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry at the Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore for the evaluation of abnormal front teeth. History revealed that he was a second child of a second degree consanguineous marriage. Figure I is the pedigree chart depicting the patient’s family history. The mother reported delayed attainment of developmental milestones and the child being a â€Å"slow-learner†. On intra-oral examination, the child was in the early mixed dentition stage; the teeth present were first permanent molars, permanent mandibular central incisors, erupting maxillary permanent central incisors , primary left central incisor, primary canines of all the quadrants, primary mandibular lateral incisors and first and second primary molars of all the quadrants. The crown of the primary left central incisor (61) was conical in shape and a developing anterior cross-bite was noticed due to palatally erupting 11 and 21. A high-arched palate and high lingual frenum attachment were also seen. Extra-orally, the patient exhibited facial dysmorphism in form of depressed nasal bridge, broad nasal tip, upper lip notch and his upper lip was short compared to the broad and thick lower lip. Prominent bilateral epicanthal folds, widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism) and a unilateral squint (strabismus) of the right eye were profound facial characteristics. His cranial morphology and hair were apparently normal. Bilateral post-axial polydactyly of both the hands and feet were noticed. The remainder of the systemic evaluation was insignificant. However, the patient showed poor muscular control due to delayed gross as well as fine motor development. On review of the patient’s medical records, it was seen that the possibility of Joubert Syndrome was considered on detection of inferior vermian agenesis and polydactyly on antenatal ultrasonography performed at 28 weeks of intra-uterine life. Eye movements and respiration were reviewed and found to be normal. Foetal MRI was done at another medical center and they considered the possibility of Dandy-Walker anomaly. At 5 months of age, neurologic evaluation was conducted and nystagmus along with very brisk deep tendon reflexes (DTRs 3+ category) was noticed; following which, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was advised. The MRI reports indicated complete agenesis of the cerebellar vermis which resulted in median approach of the two cerebellar hemispheres. Superior cerebellar peduncles appeared thin and distinctly defined across the pontomesencephalic cisterns giving the characteristic â€Å"molar tooth sign†. Also the 4th ventricle was slightly dilated and h ad assumed a â€Å"bat-wing† appearance. Inspite of the all the MRI findings being suggestive of â€Å"Joubert sydrome†, neither was any definitive diagnosis made nor any neurological follow-up maintained. With respect to dental treatment rendered, the patient was found to be lacking cooperative ability, but keeping in mind the extreme sensitivity to the respiratory depressant effects of anesthetic agents, sedation and GA was ruled out. Considering this inability, after extraction of his primary central incisor (61), a lower inclined plane appliance was planned to correct the developing cross-bite. Patient did not cooperate for fabrication of a fixed appliance. Upper and lower primary impressions were made, a removable lower inclined plane appliance with Adams clasps on 75 and 85 was fabricated and delivered to the patient. However, the patient showed poor compliance with the appliance and refused to wear it beyond the third day. Following this, we considered the correction of the cross-bite by constructing a bonded resin-composite inclined plane [6, 7]. The labial surface of the mandibular incisors was etched with 37% phosphoric acid (Scotchbondâ„ ¢ Multi-purpose Etchant, 3M, USA) for 15 seconds, rinsed and dried. An adhesive system (Adperâ„ ¢ Single Bond 2, 3M, USA) was applied and cured for 20s using a visible light cure unit (_______). Composite resin (Filtekâ„ ¢ Z350XT, 3M, USA) was formed into an inclined block 45 degree to the longitudinal axis of the teeth. The height was adjusted so as to maintain the only contact between both arches at the level of these incisors. The inclined plane was polished using a polishing disc. The child was motivated to maintain good oral hygiene and the parents were instructed regarding the maintenance of a soft diet. The child was recalled after 1 day and then 1 week to clinically evaluate the treatment progress. At 1 week interval, edge-to-edge bite was achieved while complete correction of the crossbite took place in 2 weeks. Following this, the composite inclined plane was removed using a diamond point at low speed, the enamel surface was polished and topical fluoride application was done. The child is under regul ar follow-up at our hospital. DISCUSSION The spectrum of Joubert Syndrome and Related Disorders (JSRD) comprises all disorders presenting the molar tooth sign (MTS) on brain imaging. JSRD include Joubert syndrome [OMIM#213300], along with any related condition(s) presenting with the MTS, like Varadi-Papp syndrome (or Orofaciodigital type VI, [OMIM%277170]), COACH syndrome [OMIM#216360], Dekaban-Arima syndrome [OMIM%243910], Malta syndrome and a few cases with Senior- Loken syndrome [OMIM#266900]. Till date no major gene has been consistently associated with Oro-facio-digital Syndrome type VI (OFD VI) however, mutations in the TMEM216 gene are known to be seen occasionally[]. All JSRD genes isolated so far, encode for proteins of the primary cilium and thus these disorders fall in the â€Å"ciliopathies† group of disorders [9]. Previously in literature, JS-OFD has also been referred to as Oro-facio-digital Syndrome type VI (OFD VI) or Varadi-Papp Syndrome [10, 11,12]. However, recently, Brancati et al. have discouraged the continued use of such eponyms in favor of a more practical, clinical-genetic classification. They have proposed a classification of JSRDs into six subgroups based on the main organ(s) involvement and the established genotype-phenotype correlates [2]. They classified JSRDs into: Pure JS JS with ocular defect (JS-O) JS with renal defect (JS-R) JS with oculorenal defects (JS-OR) JS with hepatic defect (JS-H) JS with oro-facio-digital defects (JS-OFD) . A diagnosis of JSRD should be suspected in all infants presenting with hypotonia, abnormal eye movements (in particular oculomotor apraxia, but also nystagmus) and developmental delay. The occurrence of abnormalities in the respiratory pattern, i.e. hyperpneas alternating with periods of apnea, reinforces the clinical suspicion of the disease. In these children, a brain MRI is sufficient to confirm or exclude the diagnosis, based on the detection of the MTS. Once a diagnosis of JSRD has been made, children should enter a diagnostic protocol to assess the possible multiorgan involvement[2]. Presence of MTS is considered pathognomic for diagnosis of JS-OFD (or OFD VI). MTS is characterized by presence of a hypoplastic or completely absent cerebellar vermis, which is indicated by the hallmark â€Å"Molar Tooth Sign† found on axial view of brain MRI scan. MTS has not been described in any other type of oro-facial-digital syndrome and its presence allows differentiation of OFD VI from other types [9]. In addition, several other oral, dental and digital malformations are typical of JS-OFD. These have been enlisted in Table I. Recently, Poretti et al. [9] have suggested a diagnostic criterion for OFD VI. The criterion being MTS and one or more of the following: tongue hamartoma(s) and/or additional frenula and/or upper lip notch; mesoaxial polydactyly of one or more hands or feet; hypothalamic hamartoma. These criteria allow the diagnosis to be made even in the absence of oral findings and/or polydactyly. The validity of these criteria needs to be reassessed in additional cohorts of patients and after the identification of major genetic determinants of OFD VI. Along with presence of the pathognomic MTS, our patient showed bilateral postaxial polydactyly of hands and feet. Mesoaxial hand polydactyly is extremely rare and specific for OFD VI among the JSRD phenotypes, but not consistent in OFD VI because different forms of polydactyly have been previously reported [13,14,15,16]. Moreover, it is to be noted that the syndrome is known to show a high degree of genotypic-phenotypic variations and it’s often difficult to arrive at a conclusive diagnosis. Thus, it can be said that the reported case probably represents variability within OFD VI. Compared with other JSRD subgroups, the neurological findings and impairment of motor development and cognitive functions in OFD VI are significantly worse, suggesting a correlation with the more severe neuroimaging findings [9]. Steinlinet al. [17] suggested that outcomes in JS can be divided into three courses: first, children who die young; second, patients who survive but have severe developmental delay with the development quotient (DQ) being less than 30 along with a variety of visual and motor handicaps; and third, patients whose developmental quotients fall within the mildly delayed range (60-85). A remarkable finding in the case reported was, the level of cognitive development; with intelligence quotient (IQ) being 90 which falls in the â€Å"average† IQ range according to the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fifth Edition (SB5)[18]. So far, normal cognitive functions (without formal IQ assessment) have only been reported in one patient, attending a regular school [ 19]. Despite the fact that Joubert syndrome is very rare in India, an early diagnosis is necessary for genetic counseling and treatment planning. Treatment is mainly symptomatic and includes possible medico-surgical supportive interventions. Also, the diagnosis is important for future procedures that require anesthesia. Of particular caution is that these patients are sensitive to respiratory depressant effects of anesthetic agents like opiates and nitrous oxide. Hence, anesthesia using inhalational induction, controlled ventilation, avoidance of opioids, and close postoperative monitoring is recommended 20]. The prognosis is almost always poor, leading to early death and those who survive usually require supportive care throughout life. Annual evaluation of the growth status, vision and general wellness is recommended. Periodic neuropsychological follow-up should be maintained. REFERENCES Joubert M, Eisenring JJ, Andermann F: Familial dysgenesis of the vermis: a syndrome of hyperventilation, abnormal eye movements and retardation. Neurology 1968, 18:302-303. Brancati F, Dallapiccola B, Valente EM. jJoubert Syndrome and related disorders. Orphanet J Rar Diseases 2010 5:20. Maria BL, Hoang KB, Tusa RJ, Mancuso AA, Hamed LM, Quisling RG, Hove MT, Fennell EB, Booth-Jones M, Ringdahl DM, Yachnis AT, Creel G, Frerking B: Joubert syndrome revisited: key ocular motor signs with magnetic resonance imaging correlation. J Child Neurol 1997, 12:423-430. Gleeson, J. G., Keeler, L. C., Parisi, M. A., Marsh, S. E., Chance, P. F., Glass, I. A., Graham Jr, J. M., Maria, B. L., Barkovich, A. J. and Dobyns, W. B.. Molar toothsign of the midbrain–hindbrain junction: Occurrence in multiple distinct syndromes. Am J Med Genet 2004, 125A:125–134. Choh SA, Choh NA, Bhat SA, Jehangir M. MRI findings in Joubert syndrome.Indian J Pediatr.2009; 76:231–5. Bayrak S, Tunc ES. Treatment of Anterior Dental Crossbite Using Bonded Resin-Composite Slopes: Case Reports. Eur J Dent 2008; 2:303-307. Sari S,Gokalp H,Aras S. Correction of anterior dental crossbite with composite as an inclined plane. Int J Paediatr Dent2001 May; 11(3):201-8. Edvardson S,Shaag A,Zenvirt S,Erlich Y,Hannon GJ,Shanske AL,Gomori JM,Ekstein J,Elpeleg O. Joubert syndrome 2 (JBTS2) in Ashkenazi Jews is associated with a TMEM216 mutation. Am J Hum Genet. Jan 8, 2010; 86(1): 93–97 Poretti A, Vitiello G, Hennekam RCM, Arrigoni F, Bertini E, Borgatti R, Brancati F, D’Arrigo S, Faravelli F, Giordano L, Huisman TAGM, Iannicelli M, Kluger G, Kyllerman M, Landgren M, Lees MM, Pinelli L, Romaniello R, Scheer I, Schwarz CE, Spiegel R, Tibussek D, Valente EM, Boltshauser E. Delineation and Diagnostic Criteria of Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome Type VI. Orphanet J Rar Diseases 2012, 7:4. 10. Patra S ,Purkait R,Samanta T,Bhadra R. Varadi Papp syndrome, an unusual variant of oral-facial-digital syndrome: Report of a rare case. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2013 Apr-Jun; 16(2): 289–291. Z Adà ¡m, Z Papp Prenatal diagnosis of orofaciodigital syndrome Varadi-Papp type.JUMOctober 199615:714. Atahan Guven, M., Ceylaner, S., Prefumo, F. and Uzel, M. (2004), Prenatal sonographic findings in a case of Varadi–Papp syndrome. Prenat Diagn, 24:989–991. Rabah M. Shawky,Heba Salah Abd-Elkhalek Elabd,Shaimaa Gad,Radwa Gamal,Shaimaa Abdelsattar Mohammad. Oral–Facial–Digital Syndrome type VI with self mutilations, Egypt J Med Hum Genet (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmhg.2014.05.006 Mauceri L, Greco F, Baieli S, Sorge G. Varadi-Papp syndrome: report of a case. Clin Dysmorphol 2000; 9:289–90. Al-Gazali LI, Sztriha L, Punnose J, Shather W, Nork M. Absent pituitary gland and hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis associated with partial ophthalmoplegia and postaxial polydactyly: a variant of orofaciodigital syndrome VI or a new syndrome? J Med Genet 1999; 36:161–6. Haug K, Khan S, Fuchs S, Ko ¨ nig R. OFD II, OFD VI, and Joubert syndrome manifestations in 2 sibs. Am J Med Genet 2000; 91:135–7. Steinlin M, Schmid M, Landau K, Boltshauser E. Follow-up in children with Joubert syndrome. Neuropediatrics 1997, 28(4): 204-11. Kaufman, Alan S.IQ Testing 101. Ed. Springer Publishing, New York; 112,2009. Munke M, McDonald DM, Cronister A, Stewart JM, Gorlin RJ, Zackai EH. Oral-facial-digital syndrome type VI (Varadi syndrome): further clinical delineation. Am J Med Genet 1990, 35:360-369. Habre W, Sims C, D’Souza M. Anaesthetic management of children with Joubert syndrome.Paediatr Anaesth1997; 7:251–3.

Hacker Crackdown :: essays research papers

The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier by Bruce Sterling is a book that focuses on the events that occurred on and led up to the AT&T long-distance telephone switching system crashing on January 15, 1990. Not only was this event rare and unheard of it took place in a time when few people knew what was exactly going on and how to fix the problem. There were a lot of controversies about the events that led up to this event and the events that followed because not only did it happen on Martin Luther King Day, but few knew what the situation truly entailed. There was fear, skepticism, disbelief and worry surrounding the people that were involved and all of the issues that it incorporated. After these events took place the police began to crackdown on the law enforcement on hackers and other computer based law breakers. The story of the Hacker Crackdown is technological, sub cultural, criminal, and legal. There were many raids that took place and it became a sym bolic debate between fighting serious computer crime and protecting the civil liberties of those involved. In this book Sterling discusses three cyberspace subcultures known as the hacker underworld, the realm of the cyber cops, and the idealistic culture for the cyber civil libertarians. At the beginning of the story Sterling starts out with discussing the birth of cyberspace and how it came about. The Hacker Crackdown informs the readers of the issues surrounding computer crime and the people on all sides of those problems. Sterling gives a brief summary of what cyberspace meant back then and how it impacted society, and he investigates the past, present and future of computer crimes. For instance he explains how the invention of the telephone led to a world that people were scared of because the telephone was something that was able to let people talk to one another without actually being in the same area. People thought that it was so strange and so different because they didn’t understand all of the information behind it. Back then people thought of the telephone as a tool tha t allowed others to talk to them in a way that was so personal yet impersonal. Sterling then goes on to explain how â€Å"phone phreaks† played such an important part in relating the telephones to computer crimes and how they were so closely related back then.

Csr Essay

â€Å"It takes 20 years to build a reputation and five minutes to ruin it. If you think about that, you’ll do things differently. † Warren Edward Buffet, Entrepreneur. Social responsibility of business is a very contradicting topic and there clearly can be no perfect answer as to what extent corporations should employ it. Milton Friedman and Ivar Kolstad have contrasting opinions on the issue, and both of them listed weighty arguments for their positions. In this essay I would like to express my view on the problem presented in the articles.The argument can in fact be called â€Å"shareholders vs. stakeholders†. Management is bound to be responsible to shareholders; otherwise there will be some other management who will be responsible to them. In this respect, management does not have a choice. But they do have a choice whether or not to be responsible to other stakeholders as well, that is, employ some general and non-legislative principles of doing business. Sh areholders are central in Milton Friedman’s opinion. He believes that a company exists in order to satisfy the shareholders and give them the most possible out of it.I cannot agree with this view and I think that it is quite narrow, because most companies are so much more than just profit-generators for stockholders. Of course companies need to make profit – otherwise they cannot survive, but owners should indeed feel the difference between fair profits, fair return on their money, and unlimited profits created at someone’s expense. Let’s look at managers’ choice between maximizing profits and caring for stakeholders from the perspective of different schools of normative ethics.Kantian deontology states that there are actions that are always good and actions that are always bad, and humans should act according to their moral duties, not to selfish motives and wishes. In the world of capitalists, this theory is quite hard to apply, since businesses inherently pursue the goal of profit generation, which is selfish by its nature. However, an idea of universal law can be used to evaluate moral actions: if one manager chooses to deceive his customers, let’s assume that all managers choose to deceive their customers. What would the result be?All customers would be deceived and would no longer trust the companies. So when making decisions, Kant suggests thinking in terms of universal laws. The opposing theory – consequentialism, suggests that the moral value of an action only depends on its consequences. However, let’s imagine that an employee of a nuclear power station decides to talk to his friend on the phone instead of controlling the process. If everything goes right and no catastrophe happens, can his action be considered ethically good? In this sense, the theory is not very useful.However, if we are talking about managers’ decisions, they should always think about consequences that their actions ca n cause. Another theory is utilitarianism, which evaluates the moral value of an action in terms of the summed happiness of all members of society that resulted from it. Shareholders make themselves â€Å"happy† by maximizing profits at any expense, but a whole lot of stakeholders are left â€Å"unhappy†. Therefore, owners of the company minimize the good in society by maximizing profits. On the other hand, a company can make a lot of people deliriously happy by giving out its products for free, and soon go bankrupt.So where does the thin line lie between maximizing customers’ value while staying financially sound and giving up profit opportunities for ethical motives, getting no or a very moderate return? It’s a very hard question, but in my opinion, companies should try to avoid doing harm to customers, employees and environment whenever they can. Another school is called classical school, and it states that the moral value of an action depends on its n ature, motives and consequences. In my opinion, this theory is the most sensible one, because it comprises all other theories and does not look at actions from a narrow perspective.As long as customers are concerned, CSR is integral when dealing with them. If customers are dissatisfied with the quality of a product or service they get, or a company somehow deceives them, thus maximizing its profits, it receives a bad reputation and as a result can lose all of its customers and the shareholders would not get any returns. However, all too often companies cut costs at the expense of their customers’ well-being: for example, feed chickens with hormones that can have adverse effect not only on an individual, but also on his genes; or use low-cost resins in the production of furniture that poison humans’ breathing system.Frequently customers do not know about these hazards and assume that the product is of decent quality. I am not saying that companies should openly declare that their products are harmful, but rather that from the ethical point of view it would be right if the customer could have an overall image of the product that he is purchasing. It makes sense to also mention the billboards advertising make-up products where all women seem perfect and consumers subconsciously think that if they buy the product, they would be closer to the perfect image presented to them.However, it appears that most of these photos are heavily photoshoped and there is no way a real woman can look like this. However, these images do affect the overall standards of beauty, and make many women depressed about their appearance and many men to admire not the real natural beauty, but a fake photo of a woman he might never notice in the real life. In this sense, Dove has made quite an ethical move and launched a â€Å"Campaign for Real Beauty† (although it may as well be that this so-called â€Å"responsible† campaign was nothing but a fresh marketing move) .However, it attracted attention to the topic and made more people aware of it. From Friedmanian point of view, can good quality goods be seen as a deviation from maximizing profits? Or should a company’s managers strive to cut costs, but so that it is not so evident to customers, in order to get more money? For example, a manager of a food company knows that he can substitute one ingredient for another, cheaper one, which may cause cancer if often consumed, and the customers most probably won’t realize it, because the appearance and the taste of the product will not change.Should he maximize profits in this case? According to Friedman’s view, if a manager knows about the possibility but decides not to use it, he taxes the shareholders who would not get this additional profit. In the end it all comes down to the agent-principal theory, which states that managers have skills and knowledge that the shareholders do not themselves possess, therefore owners often can not estimate, whether or not the management is doing a good job, so they need to trust the management.It follows that the management indeed has a choice, because shareholders do not really know to what extent management acts in owners’ interests. And again, shareholders most often can go away, sell their shares and have nothing more to do with the company, so they are likely to involve with strategies that damage other stakeholders. If we talk about employees, would it be fair to use child labor or underpaid labor in some third world?Kolstad says that companies have bigger responsibility in poor countries than in rich countries because poor countries’ governments cannot guarantee their citizens’ rights. I agree with him and I believe that there should be some sort of a moral code for companies, which defines that a company cannot exploit these unethical means of getting profits and involve in such â€Å"dirty† operations. Also, if we talk about layoffs, w ould it be fair to dismiss employees who have worked in a company for many years and who actually created its image and reputation?Shareholders are sort of blank in this sense – they are not involved in the development and production and often they do not put anything personal into the company, nor are they loyal – if the company does not promise good returns, they simply invest their money somewhere else. It is rather an ethical question whether these people need to be a priority for the management. Sure, their expectations need to be met, otherwise management will be dismissed, but a company is not its shareholders – in fact, they can be anyone.I believe that the main principle a company can adopt in relation to its employees is guaranteeing that everyone involved in the process gets a fair return. This means that there should be no miniscule salaries, regardless of where a company does business. However, if we talk about countries’ differences, surely a salary of a worker in China would be lower than that of the same worker in Finland. The point is that a company should not aim to just exploit the labor force of the country it chooses for its production, but rather think about how to make life for the workers better as well.If workers in a China are prepared to work for 100$ a month, but in this case it only gives them a chance to get by and not die, it would be very ethical from a company’s point of view to pay them 140$ a month. It would still be many times cheaper than hiring the same worker in Finland, but at least a company would give Chinese workers a chance to live decently. So all in all I believe that a company should not aim at employing people at the lowest possible salary in order to cut costs, but instead respect employees and ensure they get a fair return on their work. Another dimension of corporate responsibility is environment.It is special because the environment cannot cry for help, and if not enough att ention is paid to it by the state or people, and a company does not treat it healthily, it becomes absolutely insecure. European and American companies that have factories in the third-world countries have no pragmatic interest in caring for the environment. Governments of these countries have to make a difficult choice between food and goods for its citizens and pollution caused by First World companies that choose Third World because environmental laws are much less strict there than in developed countries.So how should a company behave in regard to the environment? I believe that it is integral that a company does not just exploit it and leave the state and the population of the country dealing with the negative consequences. For example, managers are frequently tempted to cut costs by not installing waste filters and pouring unfiltered dump into rivers, lakes and soil. They can foresee that the consequences of this negligence can be disastrous, but they just do not care because they can always move their factories to another poor country with loose environmental legislation.This behavior is morally ill from the point of view of classic school of normative ethics. The nature of an act in obviously damaging – they pollute the environment. Their intention is to cut costs by involving in this negligence, and is by no means noble. The circumstances are bad and the managers actually could foresee it, but they are either too happy themselves with the stream of money or shareholders make the decisions for managers and make them behave in an environmentally harmful way.In this case managers become â€Å"Dams† and the organization can be considered ethically ill. However, who could directly punish companies for such actions? Their customers in the First World may have some idea of this irresponsibility, but they like the cheap product and most of them still are not so environmentally conscious. Home government does not really care what the company does in some Third World country. So in the end it all falls down on the Third World country, its government and especially people.It also has to be said that all environmentally irresponsible decisions are relatively short-term from the whole mankind’s point of view, because for now we have only one planet with the fixed amount of non-renewable resources. However, the safety and sustainability of nature is always dependent on numerous individuals who face trade-offs between clean environment and their own advantage, and people are generally prone to choose what is best for them. In conclusion, it has to be said that there are no perfect companies – each business inevitably pursues its own selfish aims.However, in modern globalized world, where corporations have a lot more influence and power than ever before, they also have a lot more responsibilities to the society. Unfortunately, managers all too often forget that they are the ones who can make all the difference to a c ompany that is avoiding its responsibilities. â€Å"It is easy to dodge our responsibilities, but we cannot dodge the consequences of dodging our responsibilities† Josiah Charles Stamp, English Economist and President of the Bank of England

Important Time in My Life Essay

There comes a time in our lives where we all have to face important decisions and challenges maybe taking examinations or starting a new job. For me, going to secondary school was an important time and was a big challenge. This can be a stressful and nerve racking experience for any eleven year old, unlike most of the people that started my school I didn’t know many people from my previous primary school, so they already had foundations and memories and did not really have to make new friends as importantly as I did. There was only 9 people in my year 6 and 7 went to the same school as I did. Before I knew it the six weeks holiday was over and the morning arrived with the new shoes and the shiny black blazer. Then I had to be walked to school by my Mum. I was reluctant to leave the comfort of knowing somebody but somehow found that extra confidence to walk into the school hall full of strangers. Luckily for me I attended football on Fridays and Saturday mornings and there was a boy from there. I straight away went and sat next to him and was very relieved. Little did I know we were sectioned off into forms and I had humiliated myself by walking into the other form’s turf instead of my own heroic Miss Watson form. After having a sixth form girl come show me the correct way in front of everyone and show me to my rightful place, I found that people started to come and talk to me and one girl especially called Jasmine who was also alone, started making conversation. I thought I would be able to stick with her the rest of the day, especially when our names were called out together for being in the same form. We spent the morning meeting our tutors and taking part in activities and games in order to get to know each other. As we were learning more and more about each other, I was fairly confident by lunch time I had made a friend in Jasmine, and got over being alone on my first day. Although, as I soon found out, Jasmine had got friends in other houses and forgetting me she soon ran off to go meet and play with them. I was too shy to go after her and introduce myself to a whole new group of people, instead I just stood against a wall by myself as I did not know what else to do or where to go. Looking back on this now I would never just stand against a wall by myself watching everybody making friends and enjoying their lunch time but at the time my shyness took over and that was it. Time passed slowly and there was still half an hour to go before I could be in the comfort of the classroom with the people I recognized again. I then got through the first day of an  important time of my life. Why was it important? Because it kick started my road to getting a higher education and making friends.

Martin Brian Mulroney Essays - Brian Mulroney, Free Essays

Martin Brian Mulroney Essays - Brian Mulroney, Free Essays Martin Brian Mulroney Martin Brian Mulroney became the 18th prime minister of Canada on September 17, 1984, after his party, the Progressive Conservatives won the greatest parliamentary victory ever in Canadian history. Mulroney was born in 1939, the son of an electrician, in the paper mill town of Baie Comeau, Quebec. Mulroney attended a very strict military type all boys school until the age of 16 when he entered Saint Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, Nova Scotia. There he earned an honor degree in political science. While at St. FX he was active in on campus politics. During his first year he became a member of the youth wing of the P.C. Party of Nova Scotia. Before he graduated he was to become the Prime Minister of St. FXs famous mock Parliament, a position that had been held for years by Liberal students. After graduation he studied law at Dalhousie in Halifax and later at Laval University in Quebec, from which he graduated in 1962. It was during these years in Quebec that Mulroney became known as the life of the party. He frequented most Montreal nightclubs and was quite a ladys man. Mulroney also became a slightly more than social drinker. After becoming a lawyer in 1965 he joined a prestigious law firm known as Cate Ogilvy, later becoming a partner in that firm. In May 1973 at the age of 34 he married a beautiful 20 year old Mila Pivnicki, daughter of Yugoslav immigrants. The Mulroneys would go on to have three children. Mulroney worked energetically for the Progressive Conservative Party as a young lawyer, serving on the party's finance and policy committees and on its 1968 and 1972 campaign committees. He first came into the public eye in 1974 as a member of the Cliche Royal Commission, which investigated corruption and violence in the Quebec construction industry. Also involved in this commission was Mulroneys friend and future Quebec premier Lucien Bouchard. Although Mulroney had not yet held public office, he ran for election as Conservative leader at the party's 1976 national convention. He waged a vigorous and expensive campaign but lost to Joe Clark after being critisized as the Cadillac Cantidate for spending so much money. Following this failure, Mulroney became very depressed and bitter. This was a very bleak time in his life. His drinking and his tongue often got him in trouble. During this period he would often attend social events, get very drunk, and make an ass of himself. He took the Leadership loss very personally and it almost ruined him. A few years after taking the job of President of the Iron Ore Company of Canada in 1977 he decided that he would clean himself up. He went to special Alcoholics Anonomous meetings for famous people who didnt want the world to know they had a problem. After this time in his life he almost never had a drink and never repeated his drunken outbursts at any social functions. During his years a s a corporate executive, Mulroney remained active in politics, taking every occasion to increase his visibility among the public and to gain support from within the party for his upcoming leadership bid. In 1982, because of an economic depression, the Iron Ore Company of Canada was forced to close one of its mining and milling towns in Quebec. At first this appeared to be a disastrous political setback for Mulroney. However, he turned it into a public relations triumph by making the people of the town in question believe that there were other alternatives when there were none and by negotiating generous settlements for the workers who had lost their jobs. This earned him respect and won him general support and his reputation as an expert labor lawyer and industrial relations specialist was enhanced. After the election most of his promises were shown to be false hopes but by that time the people had already decided. In mid-1983 Clark's leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party was being questioned, forcing him to call a national party convention and leadership review. Brian Mulroney was again a candidate, and he campaigned more shrewdly than he had done seven years before. He actually had been paying people to ruin Clarks chances

Marketing Communication Report on EasyJet Essay

Marketing Communication Report on EasyJet - Essay Example Situation Analysis behind the Economic Status of EasyJet Airline Company Established back in 1995, EasyJet Airline Company Limited is a British airline company that operates domestic and international flight services on 387 routes in Europe and North African airports (Sager). As a result of the increase in demand for low-cost flights due to globalization, it becomes a challenged for most of the airline companies to develop strategic ways that will enable them to offer its target passengers a more competitive price on top of outstanding customer service. In line with this, EasyJet offers the public with low-cost flight services by continuously acquiring other airline companies like Go and GB Airways (BBC News a & b). EasyJet’s decision to acquire other airline companies does not only increase the number of routes wherein EasyJet airplanes could take-off and land (BBC News a). Aside from giving EasyJet Airline Company the opportunity to enjoy the benefit of economies of scale, this particular business expansion strategy could also immediately increase EasyJet’s existing customer base by serving some of the loyal customers of its past and currently acquired airline companies. Marketing communication strategies such as advertising plays a crucial role in attracting more customers to patronize the flight services offered by EasyJet. In line with this, EasyJet is more interested on the corporate business travellers as its target customers more than those individuals who are travelling for leisure purposes (EasyJet a; Perrett).

Zara Company Business Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Zara Company Business Model - Essay Example Gap Inc. commonly known as Gap is a multi-national clothing and accessories retailer in America. Its headquarters is currently in San Francisco, California. However, it also has some of its design offices London, San Francisco and London. The company’s brand name is Gap, and it sells clothing to all groups of people ranging from males, females, and children. It operates five principal divisions namely; Banana Republic, Piperlime, the namesake banner, Athleta, and Old Navy. It has outsourced its production to China, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, among others. Additionally, some of its products are also manufactured in Central America. Some of its strengths that have enabled it to remain relevant in the market include; brand recognition, multiple stores worldwide, segmented markets, product utility, among others (Maheshwari, 2012). However, it failed to acknowledge the importance of its customers by paying lots of attention to its expansion strategies, instead of meeting the customer needs. It is a fact that expansion strategies can only be successful when apposite research is done. Concentrating on expansion strategies is correct for several stores only when they have a strong foothold in the market, or when their customers are extremely loyal. However, these two fundamental factors were not present in Gap’s case. Gap focused on expanding its stores by cutting expenditures in some areas of the company. This resulted in the loss of the company’s core values, goals, and objectives.... Concentrating on expansion strategies is correct for several stores only when they have a strong foothold in the market, or when their customers are extremely loyal. However, these two fundamental factors were not present in Gap’s case. Gap focused on expanding its stores by cutting expenditures in some areas of the company. This resulted in the loss of the company’s core values, goals and objectives (Moin, 2011). In the long run, its competitors such as TJX, Ross Stores, Wal-Mart, just to mention but a few moved into the industry; thus, grasping a strong prominence. Additionally, these retailers were smaller compared to Gap; thus, they did not find difficulties in keeping up with the changing needs of the industry. Gap Inc. inability to quickly respond to the changes in the industry led to a decline in its sales and dividends. Disruptive Business Model Disruptive business model refers to a business idea that is extremely different from the way business is normally cond ucted. Therefore, it contributes to total interruption of the entire industry leading to market revolution, and not the customary market evolution. This type of business model normally leads immense tectonic shifts in the behavior of customers, market upheavals, as well as change of the market share as innovators of the novel disruptive model roll out the revolutionary service or product. An example of this model was demonstrated by Dell through its direct-to-consumer retail model opposing the archetypal retail store front. Dell’s new model served customers at a fairly cheap price and it put in place the most current components effectively compared to the archetypal store-front retailers. After five years of its existence, several store-based