Falstaffs Influence on Prince Hal in I Henry IV :: Henry IV Henry V Essays

Falstaff's Influence on Prince Hal in I Henry IV   Ã‚  Ã‚   In Shakespearean histories, there is always one individual who influences the major character and considerably advances the plot.   In I Henry IV by William Shakespeare, Falstaff is such a character.   Sir John Falstaff is perhaps the most complex comic character ever invented.   He carries a dignified presence in the mind's eye; and in him,   we recognize our internal admiration and jealousy of the rebellious dual personality that we all secretly wish for. The multi-faceted Falstaff, in comic revolt against law and order, in his role as father figure to Prince Hal, and ultimately, in his natural ability to discern and adapt to any situation, emerges as the most complex and paradoxical character in drama.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Frequently, in literature, the sun represents royalty, or in this case the king, who strives to uphold law and order.   Rhetorically, the moon, symbolizes instability, not only because it does not remain the same size to one's eyes as time passes, but because it reigns the ebb and flow of the tides. Therefore, as a knight guided by moonlight, Falstaff is a dissenter against law and order.   This conclusion finds support in his witty tautologies and epithets. Falstaff is invariably aware that Hal will one day become king, and when that happens, robbers will be honored in England by   "Let[ting] us be indulgence Diana's foresters, gentlemen of the shade, monions of the moon; and let[ting] men say we be men of good government, being governed as the sea is, by our novle and chaste mistress the moon, under whose countenance we steal" (I, ii, 25-30). Falstaff's final dismissal of law and order culminates with a comic plea to the prince, urging him to have nothing to do with "old father antic the law?   Do not thou, when thou art King, hang a thief" (I, ii, 62-63).   We see a similar epithet in the next act, "send him packing" (II, iv, 301), in which Falstaff again denounces responsibility, law, and order.   Despite his lack of care for order and responsibility, the rebel dormant in readers applauds Falstaff's defiance of the establishment of his defense.   Falstaff seems to appeal to the average reader, for he relates to them, just as a twentieth-century American

Group Dynamics and Leadership Essay

Abstract: Why are some teams successful and others unsuccessful? What criteria or attributes are needed for success? Contemporary teaching and learning practice over the past few years in higher education institutions has seen a proliferation of open-ended constructivist learning designs that incorporate collaboration. This has promoted the need for identifying essential attributes needed for successful teamwork. This study reviews the literature with a view of identifying a framework that educators can use to help promote effective teamwork in their classes. A case study is used to investigate two teams of final year multimedia students completing a project-based unit, in which teamwork was an essential ingredient and immersed in an authentic context. Attributes gleaned from the literature for successful teamwork was used to compare the two diverse teams. Keywords: Teamwork, higher education, authentic environment Introduction With the shift from a predominately instructivist to constructivist pedagogy the need for tertiary educators to use a variety of teaching strategies and methods is becoming increasingly important. Learning designs need to incorporate student-centred team based learning pedagogy such as project-based, case-based, inquiry-based and problem-based scenarios (Oliver, 2001). Students need to be immersed in learning environments that promote real learning in real contexts. Teams and teamwork help to promote deep learning that occurs through interaction, problem solving, dialogue, cooperation and collaboration (Johnson & Johnson, 1995). These learning designs promote the construction of knowledge as they are embedded in a social experience with a team environment (Vygotsky, 1978). Effective teamwork can affect the successful delivery and implementation of these learning designs. Tertiary educators cannot assume students will the knowledge, understanding and skills needed to create and contribute to a synergistic team environment. Through a review of the literature, this paper identifies a range of attributes considered necessary for successful teamwork. These are then used to compare two contrasting teams with a view of confirming their validity through a case study. Research has provided a number of attributes required for successful teamwork. Many of these attributes have been consistently identified in the literature. Table 1 provides a summary of literature on the successful attributes needed for effective teamwork as follows: †¢ Commitment to team success and shared goals – team members are committed to the success of the team and their shared goals for the project. Successful teams are motivated, engaged and aim to achieve at the highest level; †¢ Interdependence – team members need to create an environment where together they can contribute far more than as individuals. A positive interdependent team environment brings out the best in each person enabling the team to achieve their goals at a far superior level (Johnson & Johnson, 1995, 1999). Individuals promote and encourage their fellow team members to achieve, contribute, and learn; †¢ Interpersonal Skills includes the ability to discuss issues openly with team members, be honest, trustworthy, supportive and show respect and commitment to the team and to its individuals. Fostering a caring work environment is important including the ability to work effectively with other team members; †¢ Open Communication and positive feedback – actively listening to the concerns and needs of team members and valuing their contribution and expressing this helps to create an effective work environment. Team members should be willing to give and receive constructive criticism and provide authentic feedback; †¢ Appropriate team composition is essential in the creation of a successful team. Team members need to be fully aware of their specific team role and understand what is expected of them in terms of their contribution to the team and the project; and †¢ Commitment to team processes, leadership & accountability – team members need to be accountable for their contribution to the team and the project. They need to be aware of team processes, best practice and new ideas. Effective leadership is essential for team success including shared decision-making and problem solving. Case Study Final year students enrolled in the Interactive Multimedia course at Edith Cowan University are required to develop skills and expertise in managing the design and development of client web sites. The unit IMM 3228/4228 – â€Å"Project Management Methodologies†, uses teams of  four or five students to utilise their specialist skills to meet a â€Å"real need† for an industry client. Team roles include programmers, graphic designers and project managers. There were 82 students (20 teams) completing this unit. The aim was to have students experience project management issues that occur when dealing with â€Å"real† clients in â€Å"real† projects and was heavily focused on teamwork and problem solving. The environment was based on the learning principles of authenticity, self-regulation and reflection (Luca & Oliver, 2001). Features included student contracts, journals (for self/peer assessment & reflection), â€Å"Conference Centre† for problem solving, bulletin boards, time management tools, syllabus and assessment materials, lecture notes, legal/QA templates, relevant URL’s, web sites and assignments developed by previous students and a student details database. Within this setting, two teams were selected for investigation. One team was highly successful in developing a quality product, and collaborated in a highly successful manner. Another team, experienced severe team problems, which caused it to become dysfunctional and had to be split. Data was collected on both of these teams from focus groups sessions, interviews and questionnaires that were recorded and transcribed for analysis. A summary of the results is discussed below with reference to key attributes needed for successful teamwork as outlined in   participants understand their purpose and share their goals – the co mbination achieves mission (Francis & Young, 1979) members must share a strong common goal (Kets De Vries, 1999) groups provide each member of the team with prestige and recognition (Scarnati, 2001) successful teams are motivated to succeed (Bradley & Frederic, 1997) there is strong team commitment to succeed (Critchley & Casey, 1986) members have strong shared values and beliefs (Kets De Vries, 1999) engaged in and satisfied with their work (Wageman, 1997) creation of a team atmosphere that is informal, relaxed, comfortable and non-judgemental (Harris & Harris, 1996) †¢ promote group cohesion (Bradley & Frederic, 1997) †¢ people enjoy regular interaction with individuals who have similar interests and goals (Scarnati, 2001). Interdependence †¢ one cannot succeed unless the other members of the group succeed (Smith, 1996) †¢ together the group can deliver more than the individuals who compromise it could do in isolation (Francis & Young, 1979) †¢ team members must work together effectively to produce successful systems (Bradley & Frederic, 1997) †¢ team members interact to help each other accomplish the task and promote one another’s success (Smith, 1996) †¢ team members build on the capabilities of their fellows – the combinations energised through synergy (Francis & Young, 1979) †¢ team members must take an interest in both the group and each individuals achievement (Harris & Harris, 1996) †¢ team members must never be fully self-directed or completely independent (Johnson, Heimann, & O’Neill, 2000) †¢ teams are often empowered to accomplish tasks not available to individuals (Scarnati, 2001) †¢ Individuals experience a wide range of new ideas and skills when interacting with team members (Scarnati, 2001) †¢ team members learn together so that they can subsequently perform better as individuals (Smith, 1996) Successful Team This team of students was highly successful in developing a quality product, as well as being highly collaborative. Their journal entries continually reflected positive comments about other team members, and at no stage during the semester was there a request or requirement to transfer marks from one team member to another. Team meetings were always friendly, and at no stage were team issues discussed as being problematic. The team always focused on the project and how the process of development could be improved by exploring expectations of the tutor, client and end users. An analysis of the data collected from this team indicated that they showed the attributes needed for successful teamwork. In almost all of their responses in interviews, focus group meetings and questionnaires it was evident that this team was committed to: Commitment to team success and shared goals – the team was highly focused on delivering a quality product, and not pre-occupied by personal issues that might have interrupted this objective. They facilitated and nurtured positive, cooperative-working relationships based upon the focus of developing a quality final product that would impress their client tutor, peers and end users. The whole team was strongly motivated to out-perform other teams and shared a strong common goal of wanting to develop a product that would support their chances of gaining employment at the end of the course. This was evident in almost all of their responses; Interdependence – the team members felt that they had a responsibility towards the other members of the team and that the success of the project was based upon each team member’s contribution. Team members were always happy to help peers when they were experiencing difficulties. The team would proactively brainstorm problems individuals team members were having and offer assistance if needed; Interpersonal skills – the team recognised that team members had different personalities and experienced problems at different stages. They showed consideration for each other, respected and supported others in difficult times. Open communication and positive feedback – the team recognised that it was a â€Å"healthy thing† to discuss problems or difficult issues and try to offer constructive help/criticism in trying to resolve these. They strongly valued open dialogue that enabled team members to express their concerns in a non-defensive manner. They were open and truthful about all aspects of the project; Appropriate team composition – this team was proactive in selecting their team members well in advance for this unit. They had carefully considered the skills needed for each team member, and also the type of personality for each team member. These were carefully discussed and considered by two team members four months before the unit commenced; Commitment to team processes, leadership & accountability – team members were all aware of the importance of everyone’s role within the team and the process used by the team to plan and track the timing and quality of required tasks. The project manager was well respected by the team, and always consulted the team before making any major decisions. Also, the team had a number of quality assurance procedures which helped monitor activities as well as individual team members’ accountabilities; Unsuccessful Team Another team of students experienced severe team problems, which caused it to become dysfunctional and had to be split. At the first peer assessment session, marks were transferred between team members, as it was perceived that some team members weren’t contributing. Even though agreement was made at this meeting that marks should be transferred, and suggestions were made about how to improve the situation, resentment amongst team members escalated. This was clearly evident from the comments being made through the confidential on-line journal entries each week. The tutor had several meetings with the project manager and individuals to help try to resolve issues, but to no avail. At one of the team meetings a serious disagreement occurred, in which one of the team members verbally berated another, from which point there was no reconciliation. After this altercation, team members felt they could no longer work together, so even though they would experience a heavier workload, they unanimously agreed to split and form two separate teams. An analysis of the responses given by the successful team indicated that this team had a strong awareness of the attributes needed for successful teamwork. Comparing responses from this team against the key attributes needed for successful teams shown in Table 1, it was evident that this team was not congruent with these criteria: Commitment to team success and shared goals – one team member was highly motivated to achieve a high quality product, though two others were content with merely just gaining a pass i.e. they were happy to put in minimal effort. This mismatch of expectations caused many problems and frustration for team members early in the semester; Interdependence – two team members were highly competitive in this team that negated the development of a synergistic team environment. They were highly focused on our own tasks, and were not interested in helping others who may have been having problems. If others weren’t performing, then the attitude was that peer assessment should be applied, rather than trying to support and help the individual. This caused a lack of team cohesion and cooperation, a feeling of disempowerment, and resulting in the eventual split of the team; Interpersonal skills – the team showed little consideration for each other and gave almost no support for others in difficult times. Team members seemed unaware and very surprised that they had upset other team members by their comments. They seemed to have not detected they were hurting others feelings by their comments and the approaches taken to solve team problems; Open communication and positive feedback – comments made by team members indicated that peers were inconsiderate of their situation and problems, and were not inclined to discuss problems, as they would only attract criticism and negative feedback. This resulted in team members not communicating freely or discussing their problems that had potentially damaging effect on the team; Appropriate team composition– this team was formed haphazardly. Three of the original team members had a quick discussion in the class and decided to make a team, and another team member arrived a week later, so the team agreed to accept them in their team, as they needed to make a team of four. Expectations and skill were not carefully considered; Commitment to team processes, leadership & accountability – the project manager happened to be the youngest in the team, and didn’t command the respect needed. Team members often complained about team meetings being a waste of time, and also of team members being late or contributing effectively. One team member felt that he was not included in decision-making and did not receive all communication regarding the progress and development of the project from the project manager. The overall management of this team was perceived to be ineffective by most of the team members; Summary and Conclusions This study compared how well two teams performed by comparing attributes identified for successful teamwork, as shown in Table 1. From the results it is evident that these attributes played an important role in determining the success of these teams. The results show a compelling relationship between how the teams embraced these six attributes, and how successful the team was in collaborating and developing a quality product. The results from this study indicate that these key attributes need to be carefully considered by both tutors and students when teamwork activities are proposed. Further research needs to be considered on how best to implement these strategies in a methodological fashion to ensure tutors and students acknowledge and understand the importance of how to implement each attribute i.e. a template outlining implications for best practice when designing and implementing constructivist learning designs which incorporate teamwork activities. References Bradley, J. H., & Frederic, J. H. (1997). The effect of personality type on team performance. Journal of Management Development, 16(5), p. 337-353. Critchley, B., & Case, D. (1986). Teambuilding – At what price and at whose cost? In A.Mumford (Ed.) Handbook of Management Development. Gower Publishing Company Limited, University Press Cambridge Fisher, S. G., Hunter, T. A., & Macrosson, W. D. K. (1997). Team or group? Managers’ perceptions of the differences. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 12(4), 232-242. Flynn, G. (1997). How do you know if your work teams work? Workforce, 76 (5), May p. 7 Francis, D., & Young, D. (1979). Improving Work Groups. San Diego, California: University Associates. Harris, P. R., & Harris, K. G. (1996). Managing effectively through teams. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 2(3), 23-36. Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1995). Social Interdependence – Cooperative Learning in Education. In B. Bunker & J. Z. Rubin (Eds.), Conflict, Cooperation, and Justice (pp. 205-251). San Francisco: JosseyBass Publishers. Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1999). Learning Together and Alone: Cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning ( 5th ed.). Needham Heights: Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon. Johnson, P. R., Heimann, V. L., & O’Neill, K. (2000). The wolf pack: team dynamics for the 21st century. Journal of Workplace Learning: Employee Counselling Today, 12(4), 159-164. Kets De Vries, M.F.R. (1999) High-performance teams: Lessons from the Pygmies. Organisational Dynamics, Winter, p. 66-77. Luca, J., & Tarricone, P. (2001). Does emotional intelligence affect successful teamwork? Proceedings of the th 18 Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education at the ASCILITE, p. 367 – 376, Melbourne: University of Melbourne. Luca, J., & Oliver, R. (2001). Developing Generic Skills through On-line Courses. Paper presented at the EdMedia 2001, Tampere, Finland. Oliver, R. (2001). Developing e-learning environments that support knowledge construction in higher education. Presented at the 2nd International We-B Conference, p. 407 – 416. Perth, Western Australia. Parker, G. M. (1990). Team Players and Teamwork. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Scarnati, J. T. (2001). On becoming a team player. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 7(1/2), 5-10. Smith, K. (1996). Cooperative Learning: make groupwork work. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 67, Fall, pp. 71-82. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Wageman, R. (1997). Critical success factors for creating superb self-managing teams. Organsiational Dynamics, 26 (1), Summer, 49-62.

Social And Cultural Implications Of Internet Essay

De La Salle University A.Y 2014-2015 The Social and Cultural Implications of Internet to our Society Submitted By: Mooring, Jeremiah Louis C. Submitted To: Ms. Annabelle Bonje The Social and Cultural Implications of Internet to our Society This research paper aims to make readers understand the implications of having internet in our society. It will further enhance the knowledge that we have on having the Internet part of each and everyone s life, may it be good or bad. Although it benefits most of us, this paper will also show the bad effects of the Internet. It will show different factors on to which the Internet can be beneficiary or disadvantageous. It will also relate the benefits and disadvantages to our society today. People, nowadays, turn to the Internet to assist us with our needs, may it be big or small. It has effectively changed the life and the way the world communicates through the media. Internet access can be acquired by anyone. We have grown dependent on it, thus, making it part of our society. But the question here is, what are the consequences of our continuous dependency? Will it affect how people view certain things? With the wide arr ay of information on the internet, will the millions of information help in sustaining the evolution of our society? During the start of the Internet in 1981, it received numerous criticisms in terms of its role in the growth and well being of our society. It was praised and at the same time, criticized allShow MoreRelatedEmergence of Globalization Phenomenon1521 Words   |  6 PagesEmergence of globalization phenomenon since last few decades has reduced the technological, political, economic and cultural boundaries around the globe. One of the significant effect is the advent of cheap, faster and reliable communications which act as a medium for growth, productivity and social interaction. Different technologies developed fairly independently like computers, satellite TV, print media and telegraphy have fused together to form the global communication network. The proliferationRead MoreCutrural and Social Impacts of the Internet1132 Words   |  5 PagesThe internet is one of the world’s most innovative creation of recent times. The internet is able to connect billions of people living thousands of miles away to where they can almost feel a sense of closeness and fellowship. It has allowed education to skyrocket and businesses to increase profits. It has given people the opportunity to work and to be successful. However, everything costs a price; everything has a downfall. People argue that the internet has helped stopped the diversity of humanityRead MoreThe Issue Of Immunization Is A Source For Gathering Health Information944 Words   |  4 Pagespeople cite the internet as a main source for gathering health information. The vast field of public health is dynamic, constantly evolving to meet the ever-changing needs of society. Specifically, the issue of vaccination remains relevant as it works to improve the health and living conditions of people worldwide in a way that people of all backgrounds can attain its benefits. In today’s day and age, when one is curious about any health issue, they are likely to turn to internet search engines toRead MoreImpact Of Emerging Markets On Marketing : Rethinking Existing Perspectives And Practices1074 Words   |  5 Pagesof cultural and socio-economic factors (e.g., Maheswaran and Shavitt 2014; Jones Christensen et al. 2015; Michaelidou et al. 2015; Morgeson III et al. 2015).The research in emerging markets helps in understanding the consumer behaviour . There are many research articles that explore the differences in the impact of marketing strategies in the developed and emerging markets, including advertising appeals (Zarantonello et al. 2014), product-market strategies (Wei et al. 2014), use of internet andRead MoreThe Current System Of Global Social Networking Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagesin a broad network made possible by the internet. This development of an electronic independence has changed the manner in which people throughout the world communicate with one another, and has allowed for a near elimination of the physical and cultural borders that once made such interactions difficult. As Boyd (2014) noted, communication processes and the free exchange of thoughts and ideas among people were once hindered by long distances and cultural divides, but this is no longer true as knowledgeRead MoreSocial Impacts Of The Project Essay1199 Words   |  5 Pages5.2 Social Impacts of the Project This project has been developed to ensure that it will benefit the community by complementing the use of communication technology already present and in use within the community. The various potential social impacts of this project have been heavily considered by the Project Group Members, and are displayed below by figure X. To ensure that the project will only positively impact the lives of the residents within the Mayukwayukwa community, considerations haveRead MoreThe Current System Of Global Social Networking Essay1662 Words   |  7 Pagesin a broad network made possible by the internet. This development of an electronic independence has changed the manner in which people throughout the world communicate with one another, and has allowed for a near elimination of the physical and cultural borders that once made such interactions difficult. As Boyd (2014) noted, communication processes and the free exchange of thoughts and ideas among people were once hindered by long distances and cultural divides, but this is no longer true as knowledgeRead MoreGlobalization : The Transition Of Human Society Into The Third Millennium 1744 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent nations. It also refers to a world in which societies, cultures, politics and economies have, in some sense, come closer together. According to Gi ddens (1990: 64), the concept globalization can be defined as ‘the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happening are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa’. The globalization process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems around the worldRead MoreEssay on The Cultural Diamond: Twitter as a Cultural Object1317 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is the â€Å"Cultural Diamond†? The cultural diamond can be best understood and explained through an analysis of its framework and linkages. The diamond consists of four corners: the cultural object, the receiver, the creator and the social world. Firstly, there is the cultural object, which can be anything in the social world that has a shared significance or meaning. The cultural object can be tangible like an Iphone, audible like a national anthem, visible like a Christian wearing a cross,Read MoreConditions Leading the the Uprising the Syria Essay814 Words   |  4 Pagesabout poverty, and destitution with regional compares to the case of Syria. Arguments about an oppressive authoritarian doesn’t explain why the uprising happened now, why not before? Few studies, however, have paid attention to the cultural basis of this regime and to cultural forms of resistance against it. There is little doubt that the series of uprisings that erupted the Arab World in 2011 (collectively referred to as the â€Å"Arab Spring† constitutes a landmark in the modern history. Like any other

Does Affirmative Action Make Moral Sense - 1084 Words

Does affirmative action make moral sense? A moral being is one capable of conforming to the rules of right conduct, but a big question that follows concerns the idea if there even is such a thing as â€Å"right conduct.† â€Å"Whatever can be proved to be good, must be so by being shown to be a means to something admitted to be good† (Mill 6). In John Stuart Mill’s book, â€Å"Utilitarianism,† he states this notion where an individual assumes good things are good without knowing why they’re good. Defined from the National Conference of State Legislatures, Affirmative action policies are those in which an institution or organization actively engages in efforts to improve opportunities for historically excluded groups in American society. Mainly focused†¦show more content†¦Taking a look at certain racial or ethnic groups often with financial disadvantages are not exposed to the resources individuals from higher socioeconomic stand points. The same opportunities withheld in the higher education atmosphere also apply to the employment atmosphere. Affirmative action overall offers opportunity to the groups that have a lesser chance do to specific factors like finances, social class, language barriers, population percentage in the establishments, etc. â€Å"The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the revers e of happiness† (Mill 9). In Mills view, the key concept of which the foundation of morals accepts are actions that promote happiness, and when institutions and establishments offer opportunities of a lifetime, happiness is bound to be found. Which in the view of the question, Affirmative action does make moral sense. On the other hand, Affirmative action has a vice that creates negative tension. The National Conference of State Legislatures states that affirmative action was created to ensure fair admission practices and to rectify a long period of racial discrimination. The policy is outdated, however, and causes a form of

African Americans And The New State Constitution - 1836 Words

In Birmingham, Alabama between 1957 and 1962 seventeen black churches and homes had been bombed, racial tension continued to grow, and more and more African Americans were being killed. Although the population of Birmingham was 40% African American, there seemed little hope for a political solution to the racial divide; of 80,000 registered voters, only 10,000 were black due to a barrier that was placed on the new state constitution of Alabama. One of these barriers was an annual poll tax that had to pay for two years before the new election season. African Americans in Mississippi could barely afford the necessities in order to live such as food, clothes, and a roof over their head. African Americans were the poorest part of Mississippi’s population. The other barrier that was placed in the new state constitution was a literacy test. It required a person seeking to register to vote to read a section of the state constitution and explain it to the county clerk, a white man, w ho processed voter registrations. This new law was setup for African Americans to fail. Along with many other civil rights leaders and members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Dr. Martin Luther King traveled to Birmingham, Alabama to lead and participate in several boycotts, marches, and picketing leading up to Dr. Martin Luther King’s arrest. While being incarcerated, Dr. King wrote an open letter more known as The â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†. In this letter, King highlights manyShow MoreRelatedThe Constitution And The American Constitution1141 Words   |  5 Pagestheir mistakes and promptly followed up by making quite possibly the most successful constitution ever in 1776. To ensure that American citizens would enjoy their new freedom, our founders kept in mind what John Locke had said in his An Essay Concerning Human Understanding â€Å"life, liberty, and property,† by coining â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness† into the final draft of the constitution. The constitution is important because it â€Å"exists to protect the rights of all citizens, and has noRead MoreThe Reconstruction After The Civil War977 Words   |  4 Pagesoutcome of America’s future. As history takes its course, most of the most have the same ending of coming to an end to start something new. One such movement was the Reconstruction. Reconstruction was a time period between 1865 and 1877 following the Civil War, during which people of the United States worked to put the country back together again, introducing a new set of significant challenges. Though, like all things in life, it did come to an end, the resulting outcome had been labeled both a successRead MoreThe Principles Of Slavery And Discrimination1517 Words   |  7 Pagesof slavery and discrimination actually a part of our nations birth and protected by the Constitution? Well, we live in a time where the topic of racial discrimination and things such as white privilege are a mainstay on the covers of many well-read newspapers all over the United States. Many people are torn on these issues and everyone is talking about it, and rightly so. Everyone knows that the United States was founded on the ideas of justice, fairness, and freedom – or was it? Of course ourRead MoreThe Reasons For The American Revolution992 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough the outcomes of the American Revolution only affected rich, white landowners at the time, it unknowingly provided the stepping stones that will later create equality and liberty for all people in the United States. This historic revolution provided a representative democracy in which future generations may pass or amend laws based on the people’s needs; a radical thought at the time. Other countries since then, such as France and Haiti, have followed the footsteps provided by America inRead MoreThe Reconstruction Era Was A Success1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe Reconstruction Era was a Success Shortly after the Civil War ended in 1867, President Abraham Lincoln’s new objective was to unify the union and the confederate states into what was formerly known as the United States of America. This time period is known as the Reconstruction Era, starting with the surrender of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House in 1865 and ending with the implementation of the Compromise of 1877. The Reconstruction Era was a time period full of political, economicRead MoreThe Civil War : America s Second Revolution1658 Words   |  7 Pagesmarked the beginning of the Civil War, often dubbed as America’s â€Å"Second Revolution.† This war ushered in a new political landscape in which the federal government reclaimed political power over the states allowing it to commence a revitalization of the Constitution. This revitalization, which fell under the Era of Reconstruction, granted a large- scale social development for African Americans initiating this social revolution . Such a dramatic advancement for the â€Å"inferior race† sparked oppositionRead MoreFreedom, Liberty, And Democracy1025 Words   |  5 PagesFinal Essay Since the founding of America, ideas of freedom, liberty, and democracy have been the priorities of Americans. Many people have sought religious freedom in the colonies which led to the founding of other colonies which turned into states. The new world was supposed to be a land of freedom, but many African Americans faced hard lives here. The revolutionary war helped bring an end to slavery and it caused the many whites to challenge black slavery because of revolutionary principles ofRead MoreSouthern Voting Barriers Essay1174 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed saying that every man would have the right to vote regardless of their race. It was meant to give the right to vote to the African American citizens. Even after this was passed however, states in the South were still able to find ways to keep African Americans from voting. It was easy to still deny their right to vote because the amendment only says that laws cannot be m ade making race a requirement for voting. The most effectiveRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement : Thurgood Marshall Law1501 Words   |  7 PagesMarshall blazed the trail for the Civil Rights Movement from two sides of the American Legal System, both as a lawyer, and as a Justice of the Supreme Court. Marshall’s initial rise to fame came as a result of his success as the head lawyer for the Brown family in Brown vs. The Board of Education. Later, Marshall was appointed to the Supreme Court, making him the first ever African American Supreme Court Justice in American history. Overall, Marshall’s impact as a lawyer, a judge, and an activist,Read MoreThe Between Federalists And Anti Federalists, Separation Of Powers And The Federal Government1508 Words   |  7 Pagesthat all Americans should recognize being in the United States Constitution; As supreme as it may portray out to be yet it comes with many imperfections that unsettles the states and greatly affected African Americans, leading future decisions to more disagreements throughout the course of history. The United States were beginning to form itself up since the Constitution was created, it granted the people the power to rule themselves without the federal government getting too involved in State affairs;

Jehovah’s Witnesses Free Essays

There are various Christian sects that deviated from the Roman Catholic religion. One of them is the organization of Jehovah’s Witnesses. The organization was formally established around 1870’s in Allegheny, Pennsylvania (Watchtower, 1984, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Jehovah’s Witnesses or any similar topic only for you Order Now 203). â€Å"At first they were known only as Bible Students, but in 1931 they adopted the Scriptural name Jehovah’s Witnesses†¦ Their beliefs are†¦ a restoration of first-century Christianity† (Watchtower, 1984, p. 203). Jehovah’s Witnesses base their beliefs in accordance to the New World Translation bible. Thus, they refrain from celebrating popular, pagan practices such birthday celebrations and holidays. They also remain neutral in government affairs and abstain from blood transfusion. Witnesses do not partake in pagan festivities and activities that humans have decided for themselves. This is because they firmly believe that it contradicts bible principles and teachings. They also desire to have an everlasting life and live under God’s kingdom. In order to do this they have to disassociate from anything that is not in relation to the bible. In addition, Witnesses’ concept of soul, hell and baptism are also derived from the bible. Witnesses immerse themselves in religious activities such as regular bible study, publication study, and attendance meetings to gain more knowledge about Jehovah. This enables them to effectively vindicate his name, which they do by actively participating in service-also known as door to door preaching. Witnesses have thoroughly researched the origin of birthdays. In their publication, Reasoning from the Scriptures, it states that [t]he various customs with which people today celebrate their birthdays have a long history. Their origins lie in the realm of magic and religion. The customs of offering congratulations, presenting gifts and celebrating- complete with lighted candles- in ancient times were meant to protect the birthday celebrant from the demons and to ensure his security for the coming year†¦ (Schwabische Zeitung [German magazine] cited in Watchtower, 1989, p. 69). Also, [t]he custom of lighted candles on the cakes started with the Greeks†¦ Birthday candles, in folk belief, are endowned with special magic for granting wishes†¦. Birthday greetings have the power for good or ill because one is closer to the spirit world on this day (The Lore of Birthdays cited in Watchtower, 1989, p. 69-70). In addition, holidays such as Christmas, New Year and Easter also come from pagan traditions. Christmas was set on December 25 because it correspond[s] to pagan festivals that took place around the time of the winter solstice, †¦ to celebrate the rebirth of the sun†¦ The Roman Saturnalia (a festival dedicated to Saturn, the god of agriculture, and to the renewed power of the sun), also took place at this time†¦ Encyclopedia Americana cited in Watchtower, 1989, p. 176). Also, â€Å" ‘[d]uring the Saturnalia†¦ feasting prevailed, and gifts were exchanged. ‘† (Encyclopedia Americana cited in Watchtower, 1989, p. 178). Moreover, the early Christians considered the celebration of anyone’s birth to be a pagan custom†¦. [This is because] [b]irthday celebrations were held in hono r of pagan deities. For example, on May 24 Romans celebrated the birthday of the goddess Diana. On the following day, they observed the birthday of their sun-god, Apollo. Hence, birthday celebrations were associated with paganism, not with Christianity (The World Book Encyclopedia cited in Watchtower, 2005, p. 157). This does not mean that Witnesses do not engage in gift-giving. Witnesses give gifts to other people but they just practice this throughout the year, when it is not expected, instead of just a couple of occasions in a year such as Christmas and birthdays. To put it in line with the scriptures, 2 Corinthians 9:7 states â€Å"Let each one do just as he has resolved in his heart, not grudgingly or under compulsion, for God loves a cheerful giver† (New World Bible, 1984, p. 447). Thus, occasions such as Christmas and birthdays forces a person to get something for another individual even though they may not want to. Generally, people are expected to do this because the occasion expects them to do so. Likewise, New Year was established by Julius Caesar on January 1 in 46 B. C. to dedicate a day to the Roman god Janus- deity of gates, door s, and beginnings (The World Book Encyclopedia cited in Watchtower, 1989, p. 180). Besides, the eggs associated with Easter â€Å"is the emblem of the germinating life of early spring†¦ The rabbit is a pagan symbol and has always been an emblem of fertility† (Watchtower, 1989, p. 179). Easter in fact â€Å"bears its Chaldean origin on its very forehead. Easter is nothing else than Astarte†¦ the queen of heaven†¦ [also] the dyed eggs of†¦ Easter Sunday, figured in the Chaldean rites just as they do now† (The Catholic Encyclopedia cited in Watchtower, 1989, p. 180). In short, Witnesses do not condone merry-making, gathering of family members and close friends and even gift-giving. The only thing that they have a problem with is in regards to the origin of birthdays and holidays. To stress the importance of the fact that origins do matter, [s]uppose you saw a piece of candy lying in the gutter. Would you pick up that candy and eat it? Of course not! That candy is unclean. Like that candy, holidays may seem sweet, but they have been picked up from unclean places (Watchtower, 2005, p. 159). Another matter that Witnesses do not engage in is political affairs and anything that is related to it such as saluting the flag, singing the national anthem and being enlisted in military service. Witnesses emphasize the scripture in John 18:36 to support this belief. John 18:36 states what Jesus said when he was on trial before the Roman ruler Pilate, â€Å" ‘My kingdom is no part of this world, [because if it is] my attendants would have fought that I should not be delivered up to the Jews. But†¦ my kingdom is not from this source† (New World Bible, 1984, p. 1356). This clearly shows that earthly kingdoms of any government entity do not deserve utmost devotion because they will not be able to provide eternal salvation (N. Sarmiento, 2008). In addition, Witnesses avoid blood transfusion at any cost. Abstaining from blood is stated in Acts 15:28, 29 The holy spirit and we ourselves [the governing body of the Christian congregation] have favored adding no further burden to you, except these necessary things, to keep from abstaining from things sacrificed to idols and from blood and from things strangled and from fornication. If you carefully keep yourselves from these things, you will prosper†¦ (New World Bible, 1984, p. 1383). Notice that blood is in the same category as idolatry and fornication. Therefore, [i]n God’s eyes, our doing that [abstaining from blood] is as important as our avoiding idolatry and sexual immorality†¦ w]e are wise, then, to put our trust in the rightness of God’s law†¦ [Witnesses] are sure that the Creator of blood knows what is best for them† (Watchtower, 2005, p. 130-131). Thus, the gravity of the matter is considered a very serious offense once it is committed. In addition, the only proper use of blood is to atone for one’s sins. Leviticus 17:11 states,  "For the soul of the flesh is in the blood, and I myself have put it upon the altar for you to make atonement for your souls, because it is the blood that makes atonement†¦ † (New World Bible, 1984, p. 159). Hence, Israelites used to sacrifice animal blood to atone for their sins. In earlier times, people have refrained from eating animal’s blood. Considering this is the case, how much more so should people avoid human blood? â€Å"Minicius Felix (third century C. E. ) [says that]: ‘So much do we shrink from human blood, that we do not use the blood even of eatable animals in our food. ‘† (Watchtower, 1989, p. 72). Thus, Witnesses reason that In a hospital, when a patient cannot eat through his mouth, he is fed intravenously. Now, would a person who never put blood into his mouth but who accepted blood by transfusion really be obeying the command to ‘keep abstaining from†¦ blood’? Acts 15:29) To use a comparison, consider a man who is told by the doctor that he must abstain from alcohol. Would he be obedient if he quit drinking alcohol but had it put directly into his vein? (Watchtower, 1989, p. 73). Witnesses stick to their convictions because they follow what the bible says. Thus, they deem that â€Å"beliefs and practices of true religion are not based on human views and tradition. They originate in God’s inspired Word, the Bible† (Watchtower, 2005, p. 146). Also, by observing God’s word they know that they will gain everlasting life and will be there to be apart of God’s Kingdom. This is an appealing concept to them because in God’s Kingdom â€Å"humans will no longer get sick and die†¦ under Kingdom rule they will be able to live forever. The earth will be made into paradise† (Watchtower, 2005, p. 84). Equally important is that Witnesses do not abide by popular notions about the soul. Based on research, Witnesses found out that the soul’s â€Å"immortality† started with the â€Å"Babylonians [who] believed that humans have an immortal soul that survives the body after death and can suffer in a place of torment† (Watchtower, 2005, p. 52). As for the concept of hell, scriptures such as the one in Ezekiel 18:4 mentions that â€Å"†¦The soul that is sinning-it itself will die† (New World Bible, 1984, p. 1079). Romans 6: 23 also states â€Å"The wages sin pays is death†¦ † (New World Bible, 1984, p. 1411). And 1 Thessalonian 1:8-9 says â€Å"those who do not obey the good news about our Lord Jesus. These very ones will undergo the judicial punishment of everlasting destruction from before the Lord and from the glory of his strength† (New World Bible, 1984, p. 1476-77). These scriptures just illustrate the fact that the concept of hell, which most people perceive as a fiery place of torment, is not really stated anywhere in the bible as the punishment of people who constantly go against bible principles. The only outcome of their disobedient act is that they will perish. Hence, they will not be able to live in paradise earth for eternity and enjoy the wonderful blessings that will be bestowed upon the people who make it to this place. In addition, hell does not reflect God’s true personality. Witnesses further explain this by saying, What would you think of a parent who held his child’s hand over a fire to punish the child for wrongdoing? ‘God is love’ [according to 1 John 4:8] Would he do what no right-minded parent would do? Certainly not! † (Watchtower, 1984, p. 174). Another argument that is used to support this can be found in Jeremiah 7:31 which states, They [apostate Judeans] have built the high places of Topheth, which is in the valley of the son of Hinnom, in order to burn their sons and their daughters in the fire, a thing that I had not commanded and that had not come up into my heart (New World Bible, 1984, p. 75). Also, the other plausible reason is that In ancient Babylo[n] and Assyri[a,] beliefs [about] the ‘nether world†¦ is pictured as a place full of horrors, and is presided over by gods and demons of great strength and fierceness’†¦ Early evidence of the fiery aspect of Christendom’s hell is found in the religion of ancient Egypt (Religion of Babylonia and Assyria cited in Watchtower, 1984, p. 175). While Witnesses take the idea of baptism very seriously. The Reasoning from the Scriptures publication of the Watchtower defines baptism as â€Å"an outward symbol that the one being baptized has made a complete, unreserved, and unconditional dedication through Jesus Christ to do the will of Jehovah God† (Watchtower, 1984, p. 54). Hence, the decision to dedicate one’s life to Jehovah requires mature thinking even by children. Witnesses have certain requirements before a child can be baptized. First of all, the child has to study the bible and Witness publications. This is because the child has to understand and accept Christian teachings and beliefs so he or she will know how to serve Jehovah properly. The child also has to talk to an elder-an adult Witness who carries numerous religious responsibilities- to discuss his or her desire to be baptized. The elder will then ask the child, when the child is ready, questions regarding Christian teachings and beliefs to see if the child can take on the responsibility of serving Jehovah. After baptism, the child is formally apart of the congregation. Witnesses go through this process because they have strict and demanding spiritual activities. Witnesses do not take spiritual activities lightly. People who have been baptized as a Witness know all too well that being a Christian becomes their main priority. They are responsible to do the will of â€Å"Jehovah God [and] it must be [their] main purpose in life† (Watchtower, 2005, p. 179). Thus, people make sure that they are living their life in accordance to bible principles. In addition, baptism â€Å"publicly indicates your desire to serve God. It shows that you are delighted to do Jehovah’s Will† (Watchtower, 2005, p. 175). Being a true Christian is not easy because the world is full of temptations. To maintain strict adherence to bible principles, studying the bible and Witness publications reinforces what they know so that they can keep themselves grounded. This enables them to self-police themselves† (N. Sarmiento, 2008). While meetings-scheduled during a weekday and one every Sunday- allow Christians to know more about God through the bible (N. Sarmiento, 2008). Thus, attending meetings helps a person spiritually because it â€Å"increase[s] your knowledge of God† (Watchtower, 2005, p. 176). Finally, the extensive knowledge that they have accumulated is used to preach the word of God. Witnesses stress the importance of service because as â€Å"true followers of Jesus Christ [Witnesses] proclaim God’s heavenly Kingdom as the only hope for mankind† (Watchtower, 2005, p. 151). Also, â€Å"most Witnesses are excited to share what they have learned and can’t wait to share it to everyone they know† (N. Sarmiento, 2008). Thus, Witnesses naturally â€Å"find it hard to keep what [they] have learned to [themselves]†¦ † (Watchtower, 2005, p. 177). Therefore, service is a way to impart what one has learned to others. Engaging in service also shows that a person is following God’s teaching. Acts 10:42 states, â€Å"he ordered us to preach and to give a thorough witness† (New World Bible, 1984, p. 1376). In addition, people will not hear the good news of the kingdom if they do not go out there and preach it to people everywhere (N. Sarmiento, 2008). Jehovah’s Witnesses is an organization that has been misunderstood by most people. Indeed, most people will act indifferent-even discriminate-towards Jehovah’s Witnesses because they do not partake in birthdays, holidays, political affairs and even accept blood transfusion for their own health. Many people also think that their door to door preaching is their way of imposing their belief upon others. However, even though these people are targets of ridicule; they remain strong in their beliefs and active in their religious activities because they know that it is in accordance with bible principles. They also know that obeying God’s teachings will enable them to have everlasting life and be apart of God’s Kingdom that will come. How to cite Jehovah’s Witnesses, Papers

Role of a Paramedic Practitioner-.com

Question: Does the administration of subcutaneous injections of Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWHs) prevent Venous Thrombo-embolism (VTE) in hospitalised patients? Answer: Introduction The role of a paramedic practitioner in a clinical setting is a valuable one that entails adequate knowledge and practical skills. Continual professional development is essential for this group of professionals to address the evolving trends of healthcare services. The primary strategy to enhance skills and knowledge is to carry out primary research that addresses any clinical concern. Through such research one can gain insights into a clinical topic that has drawn the attention of practitioners and researchers with the aim of improving patient outcomes (Bledsoe et al., 2016). The present paper is on a proposed research on the topic of prevention of Venous thromboembolism in clinical settings. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been indicated as a major and adverse complication arising in clinical settings among adult patients that this group of professionals is to address (Agnelli et al. 2013). Low molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) are anticoagulant molecules that are used in clinical p ractice to address different patient complications (Szummer et al., 2015). The relation between LMWH and VTE has been the topic of interest at present. The study is proposed in this regard that is based on principles of research study methods. The significance of the study, research question, study design and methodology are discussed in details in the following sections. Background Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the disease including both pulmonary embolism (PE) and Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) that is lethal and affects hospitalised as well as nonhospitalised patients. The disease is more common in hospitalised patients and recurs frequently. It leads to long-term complications such as post-thrombotic syndrome and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (Heit et al., 2016). As opined by Grosse et al., (2016) VTE is most common cardiovascular disease after stroke and acute coronary syndrome. Schulman et al., (2017) explained the pathophysiology behind VTE. Venous thrombi are made up of red blood cells, leucocytes and platelets that are found to be present in bound condition by fibrin. Such thrombi are formed in the locations within the body where damage has been suffered to the vessels. Thrombi might be remaining in the peripheral veins or might be embolisingto the pulmonary arteries. In peripheral area it undergoes recanalisation after endogenous fibrinol ysis. Risk factors for VTE include surgery-related factors, trauma and patient-related factors. Some of the noteworthy patient-related factors include thrombophilia, obesity, respiratory failure and cardiac failure. Some of the other factors that increase the risk of VTE include fracture of the femur, blood transfusion, injury to the spinal cord and shock suffered due to admission to hospital. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is a category of anticoagulant medications are being used widely for preventing blood clots. Heparin is a polysaccharide occurring naturally that is capable of inhibiting coagulation, the process leading to thrombosis. Since administration of heparin can be done subcutaneously, it permits treatment of patient conditions related to diverse conditions (Laubli et al., 2016). One example of LMWH is Enoxaparin that acts as an anticoagulant and research is going on to understand the applicability of this molecule against various diseases. The molecule acts by binding to the antithrombin for forming a complex molecule. This molecule then acts by irreversibly inactivating clotting factor Xa. Enoxaparin can be metabolised into unfractionated species with lesser weights by depolymerisation in the body (Rodger et all., 2016). A rich pool of research has highlighted the effectiveness of low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) in addressing medical complications. There has been a growing amount of interest to point out and understand the conditions that can be prevented with the suitable administration of LMWH. One such area has been Venous thromboembolism the draws attention at present. Clinicians have considered intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH) as the standard treatment for VTE. Though the effectiveness of this treatment has been established across studies, the effectiveness of such heparin as a preventive medication for VTE has not been given much prominence. With the emergence of LMWH, its efficacy and safety has been time and again compared to that of UFH. Statement of the problem Whether Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWHs) when administered as subcutaneous injections prevents Venous Thrombo-embolism (VTE) in hospitalised patients is the concerned research problem in the present case. The proposed study is therefore based on this context and puts forward a PICO question to gain insights into this research topic. The PICO research question that would be addressed in the proposed study is as follows: Does the administration of subcutaneous injections of Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWHs) prevent Venous Thrombo-embolism (VTE) in hospitalised patients? The details of the PICO elements are as follows- Population: Hospitalized adult patients Intervention: Use of low molecular weight heparin, Enoxaparin Comparison: No treatment Outcome: Reduced incidence of VTE Significance of research Though there has a considerable research to understand the link between administration of heparins and patient complications in a healthcare setting, there is a lack of suitable studies that establish the relationship between heparins and VTE. After an analysis of the present research articles, it can be stated that there has been no specific study that has studied whether heparin of low molecular weight can prevent VTE. Since VTE is a serious concern in the medical domain, the possibility of LMWH to act as a preventive agent for the same is to be exploited optimally. The proposed research has been thought of against this background that would predominantly carry forward research in this direction. The aim of the proposed study is to carry out an evaluation of administration of LMWH in adult hospitalised patients for preventing Venous Thrombo-embolism. On the basis of the research and further studies in this line, reforms can be brought about in the clinical guidelines for prevention of VTE in clinical settings. The study would, therefore, act as significant one that would change the course of preventive care provided by nurses to patients admitted to hospitals for preventing adverse outcomes. If found effective, LMWH can be considered as a real therapeutic advance made in the long-term prevention of VTE. Methodology Panneerselvam (2014) highlighted that methodology of any research is a crucial dimension that determines the effectiveness of the study. The methodology acts as the systematic plan for carrying out research which can be either quantitative or qualitative. The proposed study would be a prospective, nonblinded, active, randomised, controlled trial in any clinical setting where around 1000 surgical procedures are carried out in a year. As opined by Miles, P and Fisher (2016) a randomised controlled trial is the form of scientific experiment that has the aim of reducing bias while testing a new form of treatment. In such a study, participants are allocated to the treatment group or the placebo group as a control in a random manner. The purpose is that randomisation eliminates chances of selection bias and permits the researchers to understand the impact of the treatment as compared to no treatment with constant variables. The method is highly reliable and acts as the most rigorous scient ific evidence in the hierarchy of evidence (Panneerselvam, 2014). A nonblinded study is the one in which the researchers are aware of the treatment that is to be given to the participants. In addition, the participants are also aware of the treatment that is given to them (Hulbk et al., 2016). Prospective studies are those which observes for outcomes during the study, relating them to any factor that is considered for the study (Parkin et al., 2017). Study Design Participants Patient data would be collected for physical examination, medical history, blood sampling and duplex examination. Patients above the age of 18 and below the age of 80 years would be considered for the study. The patients would further required to be undergoing surgery. The risk assessment model for the study to require the assignment of each patient to a total risk factor score. This coud be then categorised into low, moderate, high and highest scores. Subjects would be found to be having low, high and higher risk for VTE would be excluded from the study. Patients will be excluded from the study if they are found to be bleeding. Other exclusion criteria would include significant liver disease, need for anticoagulation therapy, pregnancy and breastfeeding, use of fibrinolytic therapy and use of HIV protease inhibitors. Statistical calculation would be done for deciding upon the sample size with an equal number of male and female participants. The study participants would be divided in to two groups. In the first group, participants would be given Enoxaparin, a commonly used LMWH, subcutaneously once daily for ten days. The participants would be considered for postoperative thromboprophylaxis consisting of compression stockings and early mobilisation. For the second group, no Enoxaparin would be administered; this group would act as the control group. Each participant would be randomised to the single treatment with the help of randomly permuted blocks. Preoperative evaluation Gender, age and medical comorbidities of the patient, such as renal insufficiency, diabetes, congestive heart disease, active malignancy, the chronic pulmonary disease would be entered into a particular database. Presence of risk factors for VTE, such as recent surgery, tobacco use, trauma, postpartum site and hormonal therapy would also be recorded appropriately. The patients would be considered for diagnosing superficial venous insufficiency preoperatively as per the duplex ultrasound (DUS). A basic protocol would be used that aids in DUS-directed vein mapping. This would consider a bilateral lower limb duplex venous compression ultrasonography scan that uses 3-7.5 MHz transducers. It is to bee noted that the veous ultrasound examination would use imaging equipment that is of high definition and would consider imaging the venous segments without and with compression. The bilateral iliac, profunda femoris, inferior cava, femoral, common femoral, and popliteal veins would be checked in the supine position. Further, the bilateral calf veins, encompassing peroneal, posterior tibial, soleal and gastrocnemial would be studied in the sitting position. Thromboembolism prophylaxis Thrombophylaxis would consist of thigh-length compression stockings together with early mobilisation. In addition, a daily injection of LMWH, Enoxaparin would be given at the dose of 2500/3500 IU/day. Compression bandages would be used as the form of mechanical prophylaxis at 25mmHg. This would be done for the initial one week after which stockings would be used at 12-15mmHg. The participants would be required to wear thee compression devices in a continuous manner for three months after they have undergone the surgery. The heparin administration would start six hours after closure of the wound. Postoperative followup The proposed study would entail follow-up visits at one month, three month and six months. For each case of followup visit, an interview is to be carried out for understanding the outcomes of the given intervention. This would include cases of VTE. These interviews would be face-to-face and as per the convenience of the patients. All details are to be recorded appropriately. The primary end point for the study. Episodes of VTE would be confirmed when he following conditions would be present; signs and symptoms of VTE together with diagnosis through proper diagnosis procedure encompassing compression ultrasonography. Laboratory examination would include international normalised ratio (INR), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), haemoglobin, D-dimer, platelet count, creatinine level and hemotocrit. Platelet control is to be performed after one week for excluding thrombocytopenia type II induced by heparin. End points The primary end point of the study would be the absence of VTE as proven sonographically. Primary safety end points and secondary efficacy would be superficial venous thrombosis, major bleeding, hematoma formation and other bleedings. Some other efficacy outcomes would be a determination of D-dimer at one, three and six months follow up. The primary safety outcome would be incidences of major bleeding starting after the first administration of heparin and at six months follow up. The definition for major bleeding would be that which are fatal and into any critical organ such as cranial, retroperitoneal, intraspinal and intraocular. Bleeding requiring reoperation and those which would be clinically overt and at the extrasurgical site would also be determined as major bleeding. The secondary safety outcomes would include non-major and on treatment bleeding, wound complications related to haemorrhage, postoperative bleeding, adverse events and mortality (Chai-Adisaksopha et al., 2017). Statistical analysis The basis for the calculation of sample size would be assumed event rate of 15% in the moderate risk group and a risk reduction of 10% with LMWH. Differences between research outcomes and patient characteristics would be calculated with the help of the Mann-Whitney U-test. In addition, two-sided Fishers exact test would be done. A value of P 0.05 would be statistically significant. An interim analysis would be done at three months. The Mann-Whitney U test is a commonly used nonparametric test that determines whether a randomly selected value from one sample would be lesser than or greater than a randomly selected value from another sample. It does not need the basic assumptions of normal distributions though the efficiency is as that of the t-test. The utility of the test lies when two samples that are independent from each other are to be selected from a population with same distribution (Beins McCarthy, 2017). Two sided Fishers exact test is a test of statistical significance that is used in case of categorical data (Connelly, 2016). Implementation The protocol for the study is to be approved by the institutional review board at the hospital and in accordance with the local regulations. Ethical considerations remain when human participants are considered for a study. In this view it would be necessary to obtain informed consent from patients who would take part in the study. Informed consent refers to the process of agreeing to take part in any research procedure after understanding the benefits and risks of the such participation. The process entails explaining the participants the purpose and objective of the research and outlining the potential risks and complications. Informed consent is primitive on the basis of legal and moral premises of the patients autonomy. The patients would not be influenced in any manner to take part in the study (Panneerselvam, 2014). The primary outcome measure of the trial would be postoperative VTE over a followup period of six months. The secondary outcome measure would include superficial ven ous thrombosis, postoperative bleeding complications. Conclusion Research is significant for paramedic professionals that enables them to focus on clinical issues related to their practice. Development of more in-depth understanding of clinical strategies enhances clinical decision making. Critical thinking is also augmented in this process. The proposed research would be suitable to highlight whether VTE can be prevented by LMWH such as enoxaparin in adult patients who are hospitalised. The study would be valuable in bridging the gaps in existing studies in this context. The research would further add valuable information to the already existing pool of literature of wide application of LMWH. Based on the results of the study, clinical guidelines can be modified so as to incorporate the novice finding. Further trials can also be conducted taking insights from the proposed research that can further bring into light novice concepts. The overall objective would be to allow better delivery of care to patients who are hospitalised in different setting s and present the risk of suffering VTE. Timely implementation of the proposed research with the help of adequate funding would be highly warranted. It is to be hoped that the research would be praiseworthy in the field of paramedicine. References Agnelli, G., Buller, H. R., Cohen, A., Curto, M., Gallus, A. S., Johnson, M., ... Weitz, J. I. (2013). Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism.New England Journal of Medicine,369(9), 799-808. Beins, B. C., McCarthy, M. A. (2017).Research methods and statistics. Cambridge University Press. Bledsoe, B. E., Porter, R. S., Cherry, R. A. (2016).Paramedic Care: Principles Practice(Vol. 1). Pearson. Chai-Adisaksopha, C., Linkins, L. A., ALKindi, S. Y., Cheah, M., Crowther, M. A., Iorio, A. (2017). Outcomes of low-molecular-weight heparin treatment for venous thromboembolism in patients with primary and metastatic brain tumours.Thrombosis and haemostasis,117(3), 589-594. Connelly, L. M. (2016). Fisher's exact test.MedSurg Nursing,25(1), 58-60. Grosse, S. D., Nelson, R. E., Nyarko, K. A., Richardson, L. C., Raskob, G. E. (2016). The economic burden of incident venous thromboembolism in the United States: A review of estimated attributable healthcare costs.Thrombosis research,137, 3-10. Heit, J. A., Spencer, F. A., White, R. H. (2016). The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism.Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis,41(1), 3-14. Hulbk, M., Kaysen, K., Kesmodel, U. S. (2016). Group training for overactive bladder in female patients: a clinical, randomized, non?blinded study.International Journal of Urological Nursing,10(2), 88-96. Lubli, H., Varki, A., Borsig, L. (2016). Antimetastatic properties of low molecular weight heparin.Journal of Clinical Oncology,34(21), 2560-2561. Miles, P., Fisher, E. (2016). Randomized Controlled Trial.American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,150(6). Panneerselvam, R. (2014).Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Parkin, L., Balkwill, A., Sweetland, S., Reeves, G. K., Green, J., Beral, V., Million Women Study Collaborators. (2017). Antidepressants, Depression, and Venous Thromboembolism Risk: Large Prospective Study of UK Women.Journal of the American Heart Association,6(5). Rodger, M. A., Phillips, P., Kahn, S. R., Bates, S., McDonald, S., Khurana, R., ... Konkle, B. A. (2016). Low molecular weight heparin to prevent postpartum venous thromboembolism.Thrombosis Research,142, 17-20. Schulman, S., Singer, D., Ageno, W., Casella, I. B., Desch, M., Goldhaber, S. Z. (2017). NOACs for treatment of venous thromboembolism in clinical practice.Thrombosis and Haemostasis,117(7), 1317-1325. Szummer, K., Oldgren, J., Lindhagen, L., Carrero, J. J., Evans, M., Spaak, J., ... Jernberg, T. (2015). Association between the use of fondaparinux vs low-molecular-weight heparin and clinical outcomes in patients with nonst-segment elevation myocardial infarction.Jama,313(7), 707-716.